final exam review part 1

Question 1

what are the three types of muscle ?

Answer 1

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 2

what does skeletal muscle attach to?

Answer 2

bone

Question 3

what types of bone is striated?

Answer 3

skeletal and cardiac

Question 4

is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 4

voluntary

Question 5

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary ?

Answer 5

involuntary

Question 6

where is cardiac muscle located?

Answer 6

in the heart

Question 7

where is smooth muscle located?

Answer 7

blood vessels and hollow organs

Question 8

what are some functions of the muscular system?

Answer 8

movement, maintain posture, respiration, communication, and contraction

Question 9

what is contractility ?

Answer 9

the ability for a muscle to contract

Question 10

what is excitability?

Answer 10

a muscles response to stimuli

Question 11

elasticity is ___

Answer 11

the ability for a muscle to recoil

Question 12

skeletal muscle attaches to _____

Answer 12

the skeletal system

Question 13

what does striated mean ?

Answer 13

horizontal lines can be seen under a microscope

Question 14

what is sarcoplasm ?

Answer 14

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Question 15

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 15

The smooth ER of a skeletal cell

Question 16

explain what a myofiliament is

Answer 16

a protein thread that forms sarcomeres in skeletal muscle

Question 17

what are the 2 types of myofiliament?

Answer 17

actin and myosin

Question 18

which myofiliament is thin ?

Answer 18

actin

Question 19

describe what a sarcomere is

Answer 19

the smallest part of a muscle that contracts

Question 20

what separates the sarcomere from another sarcomere?

Answer 20

the z line

Question 21

for actin what 2 proteins help bind?

Answer 21

troponin ans tropomyosin

Question 22

which is the dark band, A or I

Answer 22

the a is the dark band, remember this because d comes before L in the alphabet

Question 23

what is a motor neuron?

Answer 23

the cells that stimulate contraction

Question 24

explain what the neuromuscular junction is

Answer 24

the synaptic junction between the axons and fibers

Question 25

what is a synapse?

Answer 25

a junction between a nerve cell and another nerve/muscle cell

Question 26

what happens to myosin and actin when a muscle contracts?

Answer 26

they slide past each other

Question 27

when muscles relax, what happens to the sarcomere?

Answer 27

it gets longer

Question 28

why is the neuromuscular junction important?

Answer 28

each muscle cell is innervated by a specific motor neuron

Question 29

what does the action potential do?

Answer 29

stimulates the neuron

Question 30

describe how an action potential happens

Answer 30

the action potential travels down to the presynaptic terminal, the calcium opens, acetylcholine is released into the terminal, the sodium Chanel is opened

Question 31

how are muscle fibers excited ?

Answer 31

with electricity

Question 32

what part of the cell is more negative in electrically charged cells?

Answer 32

the inside

Question 33

what part of the cell is more positively charged in electrically charged cells?

Answer 33

the outside

Question 34

when there is an electrical charge difference across the membrane, what do we call this?

Answer 34

resting membrane potential

Question 35

inside the cell, which element is more highly concentrated?

Answer 35

potassium

Question 36

outside the cell, which element is more highly concentrated?

Answer 36

sodium

Question 37

when there is a leak channel, what diffuses in vs out

Answer 37

sodium diffuses in, potassium diffuses out

Question 38

what reverses the resting membrane potential?

Answer 38

the action potential

Question 39

what is depolarization?

Answer 39

when the excess of potassium is diffused into the cell, the cell's inside becomes more positive

Question 40

what happens if threshold is reached?

Answer 40

an action potential is fired

Question 41

after depolarization, what happens to the muscle fiber ?

Answer 41

it returns to the polarized state

Question 42

what does calcium bind to?

Answer 42

the thin filaments

Question 43

which part of the actin myofilimant does the calcium bind to?

Answer 43

troponin

Question 44

where do we get the energy to contract muscles?

Answer 44

ATP

Question 45

describe muscle relaxation

Answer 45

acetylcholine is no longer being released, action potentials stop, the cross bridge stops

Question 46

describe muscle contraction

Answer 46

muscle is stimulated by neuron, stimulation excites fibers, depolarization occurs, calcium is released to contract the muscle

Question 47

what is a motor unit?

Answer 47

single neuron and the fibers it innervates

Question 48

what is muscle mass loss called?

Answer 48

atrophy

Question 49

what connects muscle to bone?

Answer 49

tendons

Question 50

what is an agonist muscle?

Answer 50

a muscle who works with other muscles to do a specific action

Question 51

what is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 51

a muscle who performs the opposite action

Question 52

what is the primary muscle of respiration?

Answer 52

the diaphragm

Question 53

what does the deltoid do?

Answer 53

flex, extend, and abduct arm

Question 54

what is the purpose of the rotator cuffs?

Answer 54

to stabilize the shoulder joints