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Biology 30 > Final Exam Review- Genetics > Flashcards

Final Exam Review- Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

Define : hybrid

A

A genotype with two different alleles.

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1
Q

Define : trait

A

characteristics that varies from person to person

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2
Q

Define : purebred

A

genotype with the same alleles

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3
Q

Define : dominant

A

The trait that posses more power of the other

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4
Q

Define : recessive

A

The trait that posses less power over the other

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5
Q

Define : phenotype

A

What an organism looks like.

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6
Q

Define : genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

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7
Q

Define : hetereozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

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8
Q

Define : homozygous

A

two identical alleles for a trait

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9
Q

Define : incomplete dominance

A

creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other

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10
Q

Define : codominace

A

both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

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11
Q

Define : polygenetic traits

A

A trait controlled by 2 or more gene pairs

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12
Q

Define : multiple alleles

A

There are 3 or more alleles for a trait in the population

ex- human blood types

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13
Q

Define : chromosome

A

a condensed bundle of chromatin that appears during cell division ; contains the DNA of the cell

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14
Q

Define : gene

A

DNA that codes for a specific trait

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15
Q

Define : codon

A

The three nitrogenous bases in RNA or DNA that code for amino acids

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16
Q

Define : anticodon

A

the 3-base-pair codon that binds to a complimentary piece of mRNA during protein synthesis

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17
Q

Define : allele

A

different forms of a gene

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18
Q

What is the difference between sex-linked traits, sex-limited traits, and sex-influenced traits? Give examples of them.

A

Sex-Limited traits: an autosomal trait expressed in only 1 sex
Sex-linked trait: a trait determined by the sex chromosomes
sex-influenced: a trait found in both sexes expressed differently in each

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19
Q

What are the structures and bases of DNA and RNA?

A

RNA- Double Helix
- Adenine, thymine , cytosine , guanine

DNA- Single Helix
- Adenine , uracil, cytosine , guanine

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20
Q

Define : linked genes

A

Genes that are on the same chromosome

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21
Q

Define : genetic recombination

A

When crossing over moves genes into new combinations

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22
Q

Define : recombinant

A

An organism or chromosome with a recombined set of genes

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23
Q

Define : sex chromosome

A

chromosomes that determine the sex of the organism

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24
Q

Define : mutation

A

a spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome

25
Q

Define : autosomes

A

any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes

26
Q

Define : karyotype

A

a photograph showing an individuals chromosomes in homologous pairs

27
Q

Define : Chromosome Mutations

A 
deletion
duplication
translocation
inversion
nondisjunction
monosomy
trisomy
polyploidy
28
Q

Define : deletion

A

one or more genes may be lost entirely from a chromosome during division

29
Q

Define : duplication

A

When a chromosome receives an extra duplicate piece from its homologous partner

30
Q

Define : translocation

A

a whole chromosome or piece of a chromosome attaches to a chromosome a different way

31
Q

Define : inversion

A

a fragment of a chromosome may break free, turn completely around, and reattach itself upside down

32
Q

Define : nondisjunction

A

the failure of chromatids or chromosomes to separate during cell division

33
Q

Define : monosomy

A

the zygote only receives only one of a particular type of chromosome instead of 2

34
Q

Define : trisomy

A

the zygote receives 3 chromosomes of a particular type instead of 2

35
Q

Define : polyploidy

A

non-dis junction occurs in all the pairs of chromosomes at once

36
Q

Define : transformation

A

a process by which bacterial cells incorporate DNA from dead bacterial cells

37
Q

Define : gene mutation

A

A change of nucleotides within a gene

38
Q

Define : point mutation

A

When one pair of bases is replaced with a gene

39
Q

Define : deletion mutation

A

the loss of one or more bases from the DNA of a gene

40
Q

Define : addition mutation

A

one or more bases is added to the DNA of a gene.

41
Q

Define : mutagen

How does a carcinogen relate to it?

A

factors in the environment that cause mutations to occur.

Mutagens that affect genes controlling growth and differentiation may result in cancer. the ability of chemicals to cause cancer is linked to their ability to cause mutations

42
Q

Define : plasmids

A

Small circular pieces of DNA within bacteria

43
Q

Define : vector

A

a carrier of genetic material used in genetic engineering

44
Q

Define : eugenics

A

a practice that seeks to change human heredity by controlling mating.

45
Q

Explain how gene mapping works.

A

finding the location of genes of chromosomes

46
Q

Why do you think recessive sex-linked traits are more common in male than female?

A

Because men only need 1 recessive trait whereas females need 2

47
Q

In point form, summarize how DNA replication occurs.

A
  • DNA double helix unwinds
  • bases begin to split apart , separating strands
  • free-floating nucleotides are preset in the nucleus
  • DNA polymerase moves along each strand and matches up free-floating nucleotides with the correct bases
  • results in 2 identical DNA molecules
48
Q

Where are proteins made? Why is that a problem?

A

ribosomes
because the instructions are in the nucleus and the proteins are made in the ribosomes so theyre in complete different places

49
Q

Name the 3 types of RNA.

A

DNA
mRNA
tRNA

50
Q

Which 2 processes make up Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription& Translation

51
Q

In point form, summarize the process of transcription.

A
  • part of the DNA with the instructions unwind and bases separate
  • only 1 strand of DNA is needed because its single stranded
  • the enzyme RNA polymerase brings free-floating nucleotides to the strand of open DNA
  • process results in a strand of mRNA being formed
  • the mRNA can now leave the nucleus
52
Q

In point form, summarize the process of translation.

A
  • mRNA attaches to a ribosome
  • tRNA with the matching anticodon brings the right amino acid
  • mRNA moves along the ribosome, more tRNA moves along the ribosome, more amino acids that end up forming a protein
53
Q

Which of the 3 types of gene mutation is the least harmful? Why?

A

point , because only 1 base is replaced

54
Q

What are DNA fingerprints used for?

A

determining the biological parent to identifying the suspect of a crime.

55
Q

In DNA fingerprinting, what are restriction enzymes used for?

A

They cut the long DNA molecules at different locations. Where it cuts depends on the code within the DNA molecule and the code within the enzymes

56
Q

In DNA fingerprinting, which chemical is radioactive?

A

x-ray film

57
Q

In Karyotyping, which areas of the chromosome stain as a dark band?

A

The dye stains regions of chromosomes that are rich in the base pairs of Adenine and Thymine producing a dark band

58
Q

What is the difference between inbreeding and outbreeding?

A

Inbreeding- the crossing of parents that have similar genotypes

Outbreeding: the crossing of distantly related relatives

59
Q

Is polyploidy more dangerous in plants or animals?

A

Animals- it is rare in aniamls and is almost always lethal when it does occur

60
Q

What is one substance produced using genetically engineered plasmids?

A

insulin

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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