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Biology 30 > Final Exam Review- Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Final Exam Review- Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 3 points of the cell theory.

A
  • Cells are the basic units of life
  • Made of 1 or more cells
  • Come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Explain how the Fluid Mosaic Model describes the cell membrane.

A
  • membranes have the consistency of vegetable oil
  • varieties of protein of the cell membrane
  • some help materials get in an out and some help recognize
  • lipids and proteins moves around in membrane
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3
Q

What does semi-permeable mean?

A

When some smaller molecules can enter and leave the cell membrane and other, larger molecules cannot.

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4
Q

Define Prokaryote + give an example.

A

Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus.

ex. bacteria

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5
Q

Define Eukaryote + give an example.

A

Cells that DO have a nucleus

ex. everything except bacteria

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6
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?(Shape, structure, and organelles).

A

Animal Cells: Oval in shape
Have centrioles: helps with cell division.
Have lysosome: digests things the cell needs to get rid of, like bacteria.

Plant cells: Rectangular in shape
Have a cell wall: provides support and protection.
Have chloroplasts: helps with photosynthesis.

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low.

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

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9
Q

Hypertonic- how does the solute content inside the cell compares to the outside of the cell, which direction the water moves, and what is the result to the cell?

A
  • Higher solute concentration outside the cell
  • Water moves outside the cell
  • The cell will shrink and eventually die
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10
Q

Hypotonic- how does the solute content inside the cell compares to the outside of the cell, which direction the water moves, and what is the result to the cell?

A
  • Higher solute concentration inside the cell
  • Water moves into the cell
  • The cell will fill up/ swell and eventually burst
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11
Q

Isotonic- how does the solute content inside the cell compares to the outside of the cell, which direction the water moves, and what is the result to the cell?

A
  • There are equal solute concentrations in and out of the cell
  • Water goes in both directions
  • Cell stays the same
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12
Q

How do passive and active and transport differ with respect to energy use?

A

Passive transport:
requires no energy, because it travels with the concentration gradient.

Active transport:
requires energy, because it travels against the concentration gradient.

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13
Q

What are the types of passive transport? Briefly describe each.

A

Diffusion: The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low.

Osmosis:Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion that requires a carrier protein to move through the cell membrane.

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14
Q

Explain how endocytosis occurs in a cell, briefly describe it.

A

the particles move closer toe cell and the cell membrane pinches in allowing the particles in

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15
Q

Explain how exocytosis occurs in a cell, briefly describe it.

A

the particles move closer to the edge of the cell and the cell membrane pinches allowing the particles out

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of endocytosis? Briefly describe each.

A

Pinocytosis: brings water into the cells
Phagocytosis: Brings food into the cells

17
Q

What is ATP? (Name, structure, purpose)

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

18
Q

What are pigments?

A

A molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects or transmits others.

19
Q 
Photosynthesis:
a) What are the 2 main sets of reactions called?
b) Where do each take place?
c) What happens in the photosystems?
d )What does water split into?
A

a) Light reactions and the Calvin Cycle
b) Light reactions take place in the thylakoid
Calvin takes places in the stroma
c) inside the photosystems, there is sunlight being absorbed by th pigments
d) Protons, Electrons, and Oxygen

20
Q

Photosynthesis:

a) What happens when protons move into the thylakoid?How does this happen?
b) What happens when protons move back out?
c) What happens to all of the ‘loose’ electrons?
d) What occurs at the end of the electron transport system/chain?
e) Summarize what is used and what is produced in the light reactions.

A

a)Electrons move down the ETS, this movement provdes energy for protons to move into the thylakoid
b)When protons move into the thylakoid some diffuse back out which helps convert ADP into ATP and also protons, neutrons, and NADP form to make NADPH
c)they move back into the ETS to be reused
d) At the end of the ETS, electrons form with protons and NADP+ to form NADPH
e) Use: light, water, ADP, NADP+
Produces: ATP, oxygen, NADPH

21
Q

Photosynthesis:

a) Describe what happens in the Calvin Cycle.
b) Is light needed directly? What about indirectly?
c) Summarize what is used and produced in the Calvin Cycle.

A

a)CO2+ RuBP= 2 PGA
PGA turns into PGAL
Energy is made by chanding ATP-ADP and NADPH-NADP+
PGAL undergoes more reactions (reguiring more ATP to be broken down to ADP) to produce:
More RuBP and sugars

b)Indirectly, because it needs high energy substances to help the reactions occurs

c) Calvin Cycle:
Used:CO2, RuBP, ATP, NADPH
Produced:Sugars, RuBP, ADP, NADP+

22
Q

Cellular Respiration:

a) What process begins all types of cellular respiration?
b) How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
c) What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
d) How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration? (including glycolysis)

A

a) glycolysis- when glucose gets converted to 2 pyruvate, 2ATP,and 2 NADH
b) 2 ATP
c) Glycolysis, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration
d) 38 ATP

23
Q

Cellular Respiration:

a) Why is oxygen required for aerobic respiration?
b) What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration? What is produced in each?
c) How many ATP are produced in anaerobic respiration including glycolysis?
d) Why does a persons muscles get sore after hard exercise in which the person was having difficulty getting enough breath?

A

.a)it acts as an electron receptor, without it there would be no aerobic respiration

b) alcoholic fermentation- which produces ethanol and CO2
Lactic Acid Fermentation- produces Lactic Acid

c) 2 ATP
d) The muscles do not get enough oxygen, so you get symptoms of soreness, fatigue, and cramping

24
Q

Mitosis:

a) What is the major function?
b) How many daughter cells are produced?Are they haploid or diploid?Are they genetically identical or unique?

A

a) it repairs tissues and it is used for growth of multi-cellular organisms

b) 2 Daughter Cells
Diploid
Same

25
Q

Mitosis:

a) Summarize what happens in each of the stages: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b) Describe what Cytokinesis is.

A

a)INTERPHASE: chromosomes double
PROPHASE: condense, nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissolve, spindle fibers form
METAPHASE: Line up, spindle fibers attach to the centromere
ANAPHASE: spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite ends which separates chromatids
TELOPHASE: Nuclear membrane forms, 2 identical daughter cells

b) It is after Telophase, in animal cells, the cytoplasm divides, it pinches off to form 2 new cells

in plants, a new cell wall is made between the 2

26
Q

Meiosis:

a) What is the major function?
b) How many daughter cells are produced?Are they haploid or diploid?Are they genetically identical or unique? What are they called?

A

a) it produces gametes, crossing over occurs, evolution, and haploid cells.it is though sexual reproduction
b)Daughter Cells: 4
Haploid
Unique
Gametes

27
Q

Meiosis:
a) Summarize what happens in each of the stages: Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

A

PROPHASE I: spindle fibers form,nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes condense, crossing over occurs
METAPHASE I: homologous fairs line up in the middle
ANAPHASE I: spindle fibers attached to each sister chromatid separating the pairs of homologous pairs of homologous chromosomes, pulling a sister chromatid to each end
TELOPHASE I: -new nuclear membrane forms, cytokinesis occurs, result is 2 diploid daughter cells(each contains 4 chromosomes which are still joined as sister chromatids

PROPHASE II: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane forms, spindle fiber forms
METAPHASE II: sister chromatids line up along the middle
ANAPHASE II: spindle fibers seperate the sister chromatids at the centromere and pull the individual chromosomes to either end
TELOPHASE II: cytokinesis occurs, nuclear membranes form, end result is 4 haploid daughter cells , with unique genetics

28
Q

Meiosis:

a) What is crossing over? When does it occur? Why is it significant?
b) Where in the body does meiosis occur? Why is it essential for sexual reproduction?

A

a)- The mixing up of DNA(creates variation and makes us unique)
occurs during prophase I
- if we all had the same DNA, we would be identical

b) occurs in the Eukaryote
- it allows new life

29
Q

Describe hat happens in each part of interphase:
G1
S
G2

A

G1: Cell growth: # of organelles and amount of cytoplasm in a cell increase
S: DNA replication
G2: Preparation for mitosis: the cell makes the organelles and substances it needs for cell division

30
Q

Is interphase a resting place?

A

no, the cell is very active. The cell carries on their usual functions like respiration and enzyme production, they also grow and develop into mature and functioning cells

31
Q

What processes make up the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and Mitosis

32
Q

How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

A

Animal: wall pinches in until pinches off
Plant: new cell wall forms between and creates a new cell

33
Q

What is the harmful and unharmful types of abnormal cell growth called?

A

Harmful: Cancer
Not: benign

34
Q

How many chromosomes does a sperm or egg have?

A

23

35
Q

How does a diploid differ from a haploid?

A

Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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