Final Exam Review- Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define : evolution

A

Change in a population over time

  • it takes time and an individual does not evolve
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2
Q

Explain Lamarck’s theory and how it was disproved.

A
  • organisms constantly strive to improve themselves and become more advanced
  • the effort to improve causes the most used body structures to develop , while unused structures waste away
  • one a structure is modified by use or disuse , the modification is inherited by the organisms offspring

It was disproved when Weismann cut off mice tails and was expected to have their offspring having no tails. When those mice reproduced, this disproved his third point.

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3
Q

Explain the case of the peppered moth in England and how it related to natural selection.

A

before the industrial revolution, the trees were lightly coloured making it easier for the lighter moths to hide and the darker moths easier to be spotted and eaten. after the industrial revolution, the trees near the factories turned dark with smog making the darker moths easier to hide and the light moths easier to be spotted resulting in the light moths being eaten.

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4
Q

How was Charles Darwin involved in evolution?

A

He came up with the theory of natural selection

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5
Q

What did Darwin observe as he traveled on the beagle in the Galopogos?

A

He spent a lot of time studying organisms

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6
Q

What are the points of natural selection?

A
  • variation within populations
  • variations are favorable
  • More young are produced than can survive
  • The survivors reproduce with favorable characteristics
  • Over enormous spans of time, small changes accumulate and populations change
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7
Q

Define : directional selection

A

Distributions of characteristics changing

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8
Q

Define : disruptive selection

A

Selection against the middle characteristic

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9
Q

Define : stabilizing selection

A

Organisms have less variety when conditions remain the same for a long period of time

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10
Q

Describe genetic equilibrium and what it means.

A

constant state of an allele frequency.

no variation= no evolution

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11
Q

Define : adaptive radiation

A

Multiple branching of a family tree

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12
Q

Define : convergent evolution

A

When different types of organisms evolve similar characteristics

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13
Q

What do paleontologists study?

A

Fossils

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14
Q

How can DNA be used to identify how closely related organisms are?

A

the closer related 2 organisms are, the more similar DNA will be. Humans and apes share 98% of the same DNA

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15
Q

Compare relative dating of fossils with radiometric dating.

A

Relative: based on the study of rock strata and how the fossils inside appear

Radiometric: based on the rate of decay of radioactive elements in rocks

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16
Q

What is a common ancestor?

A

The most recent ancestral form or species from which 2 different species evolved

17
Q

How are humans and chimps related?

A

they share a common ancestor

18
Q

Name the 4 conditions that must be met to maintain genetic equilibrium

A
  • no natural selection
  • random mating
  • no migration
  • no significant mutations