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Biology 30 > Final Exam Review- Body Systems > Flashcards

Final Exam Review- Body Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Define : joint

A

A place where bones meet.

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2
Q

Define : tendon

A

Connective tissue that connects muscles and bones.

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3
Q

Define : ligament

A

Connective tissue that joins bones.

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4
Q

Define : periosteum

A

The membrane covering the outside of a bone.

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5
Q

Define : cartilage

A

A tough, flexible connective tissue.

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6
Q

Define : osteoblasts

A

Cells scattered throughout compact + spongy bone. Concentrated on the inner surface of periosteum. Makes new bone cells needed for growth and repair of the bones.

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7
Q

What are the major functions of bones?

A
  • Allows movement
  • protect internal organs
  • make blood cells
  • store minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
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8
Q

How do spongy and compact bones differ?

A

Spongy:
-Many spaces
found in the ends of long bones + middles part of short flat bones

Compact:

  • Very dense, few spaces
  • provides support in long bones(short shafts of bones in upper arm and leg)
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9
Q

What does the red bone marrow produce?

A

Red blood cells.

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10
Q

What are some purposes of muscles?

A

They allow us to smile, move, swallow, and pump blood..

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11
Q

List and describe the 3 types of muscles.

A

Cardiac:
involuntary
in the heart

Skeletal:
voluntary
attached to bones

Smooth:
involuntary
in internal organs

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12
Q

What are the only 2 actions that muscles can do?

A

Fully contract or fully extend.

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13
Q

Whats the difference between isometric and isotonic exercises?

A

Isometric:
When muscles are pitted against each other and no movement occurs.
ex. wall sitting, or holding up your head

Isotonic:
When muscles cause movement
ex. running

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14
Q

How do muscles work in antagonist pairs?

A

One muscle contracts while the other extends
ex. Biceps and triceps

This allows movement when the muscle is attached to bone.

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15
Q

Describe the pathway of digestion.

A

mouth-pharynx- epiglottis- esophagus-stomach-small intestine-pancreas releases 3 enzymes (tryspin,amylase, lipase)- gall bladder and liver release bile to help break down fats- large intestine-rectum

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16
Q

What are the enzymes in digestion called? What do they do? How are they produced/used?

A

In the mouth- amylase-breaks down starch into simple sugars

in the stomach- pepsin - breaks down proteins amino acids

in the liver- produces bile

in the pancreas- amylase, lipase, trypsin- breaks down starches , fats , proteins

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17
Q

What are the functions of the parts of the digestion system?

A

begins in mouth->amylase is secreted into the mouth and breaks starches into sugars ->passes thru the pharynx ->epiglottis directs it to the esophagus-> food moves through muscular contractions called peristalsis->stomach, hydrochloric acid continues general digestion->pepsin breaks proteins down into amino acids-> food leaves in a chyme state-> small intestine->pancreas releases trypsin, amylase, and glycerois.->gall bladder and liver release bile-> large intestine which absorbs water->rectum->anus

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18
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Carrying oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells of the body
  • picking up wastes and toxins from the cells for disposal
  • fighting infection
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19
Q

What makes up red blood cells? What is their function?

A

Hemoglobin( contains iron which gives it its color)
Does not have a nucleus or other organelles-> cannot reproduce or repair themselves

Carry oxygen to all the cells of the body.

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20
Q

Define : plasma

A

The thick, sticky, yellowish liquid in which blood cells are suspended.

21
Q

Define : leukocytes

A

White blood cells, they help to fight disease.

22
Q

Define : platelets

A

Cytoplasm that causes the blood to clot during an injury, forming a scab. Without them, you’d bleed to death.

23
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Unoxygenated Blood:
Enters heart through superior vena cava into right atrium.
Passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then leaves through the pulmonary artery. It then travels to the lungs, then the blood drops off carbon dioxide and gaines oxygen.

Oxygenated Blood.
The oxygenated blood travels back into the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, it leaves through the aorta and travels to the rest of the body. As it goes through the body it drops off the oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide.

24
Q

What are the 4 blood types?
Which antigens does each have?
which types of blood can be given to others during a transfusion? Why?

A

TYPES: A, B , AB , O
ANTIGENS: A: A B:B AB: A&B O: None ANTIBODIES: A:B B:A AB: None O: A&B
TRANSFUSION: A:A&O B:B&O AB:All O:O

25
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A
  • Blood moves towards the heart
  • Blood travels smoothly
  • Has valves
  • Thin muscle walls
  • Not much oxygen, lots of Carbon Dioxide
  • Dark maroon in color
  • Low pressure
26
Q

What are the characteristics of arteries?

A
  • Blood moves away from heart
  • Blood travels in spurts
  • Has no valves
  • Thick muscle walls
  • Lots of oxygen, not much Carbon Dioxide
  • Bright red in color
  • High pressure
27
Q

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Not all animals breath, but all respirates

28
Q

How do cellular, internal, and external respiration differ?

A

Cellular Respiration-
oxygen is used by cells to oxidize glucose.

Internal Respiration-
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between your body cells and blood.

External Respiration-
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between your blood and the environment.

29
Q

Why is it healthier to breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth?

A

Because when it goes through your nose, the mucus filters, warms, and moistens the air, processing it before it reaches the lungs and out through your mouth, because you’re getting rid of more carbon dioxide than you would through your nose.

30
Q

What are the 2 major muscles used in breathing? How do they work?

A

Diaphragm- responsible for inhaling and exhaling

Intercostal- muscles between your ribs

31
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

They remove nitrogen wastes from the blood and turn it into urine.

32
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System-
brain and spinal cord. Coordinates and directs activities of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System-
Nerves in the rest of the body. Carries information to different parts of the body.

Automatic Nervous System-
controls the art of the body that act without our thinking about them.

33
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Receive stimuli and conduct them to the central nervous system
  • Interpret impulses and make decisions
  • Sort impulses and set priorities for action
  • Transmit impulses to muscles
34
Q

Explain how an impulse is transmitted through neurons across the synapse.

A

When the dendrites of a neuron are stimulated , there is a tiny electrical charged (impulse). Then the impulse is transmitted down the dendrite , though the cell body, and down the axon. When the impulse reaches the end of the axon, it needs to move across a gap(synapse) to get to the next neuron. A chemical is produced which moves across the synapse and triggers the impulse to continue in the next dendrite. In this way, impulses travel around the body.

35
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

-It forms a 2 way conduction system between the brain and peripheral nerves
- it controls “reflex” actions that do not require supervision by the brain
ex: changing pupil size
responding to danger

36
Q

Define : sensory neurons

A

A neuron that conducts nerve impulses toward the central nervous system.

37
Q

Define : motor neurons

A

A neuron that conducts energy away from the central nervous system.

38
Q

Define : interneurons

A

Neuron that conducts impulses within the central nervous system.

39
Q

Define : myelin sheath

A

The protective wrapping of Schwaan cells around nerve fibers.

40
Q

Explain how a reflex action occurs.

A

A sensory neuron will detect the source (ex. hot burner). It carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord. An inter-neuron sens an impulse to a motor neuron, which carries the impulse to a motor neuron, which carries the impulse to the site of pain (ex. hand). The muscle contracts to pull your hand away from the hot burner. With a reflex, the brain is not involved.

41
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

It connects the spinal cord to the rest off the brain. It allows us to breathe, sleep, have a heart rate and wakefulness.

42
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

It coordinates muscle activities and enables the body to make smooth, steady, and efficient movements. Balance, equilibrium, and posture are possible from this.

43
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

The functions are:

  • sensory areas receive incoming info that starts from sensory receptors
  • motor areas control voluntary muscle movements
  • association areas coordinate complex activities such as speech and memory
44
Q

Where are sperm produced? How do they get energy?

A

Seminiferous tubuoles

fructose in semen

45
Q

What is the difference between the ovary and ovum?

A

Ovary : female organ that releases eggs

Ovum: a mature egg

46
Q

Define : zygote

A

the cell created by fertilization that contains two complete sets of chromosomes

47
Q

Define : fetus

A

a developing embryo from the ninth week until birth

48
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle? What is the major ‘event’ of each stage?

A

Days 1-5: Period, menstruation
- grows new tissue with many blood vessels

Days 6-13: Follicle phase
- follicle is developing

Day 14: Ovulation
-Egg is released into Fallopian tube

Days 15-28:Luteal phase
- follicle develops into a corpus luteum

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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