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Final Exam Review Flashcards

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0
Q

In what area of the world did the Reconquista occur in?

A

The Iberian peninsula

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1
Q

What state was established after the Reconquista?

A

Spain

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2
Q

What was the last Muslim stronghold to be defeated by the Spanish in the Reconquista?

A

Grenada

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3
Q

Describe the culture of Renaissance Italy:

A

Remains of the ancient Roman world surrounded Italians and sustained their desire to revive its glory. The wealth of merchants and city-states, mainly acquired through commerce, lead to an increase in spending on the arts. And an influx of artists and scholars from the Byzantine Empire added to the depth and diversity.

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4
Q

Describe Renaissance Italy Politically:

A

It was politically divided with the kingdom of Naples in the south, the Papal States in the center, and various independent city-states in the north.

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5
Q

Who started the Italian Renaissance?

A

Wealthy city-States and the merchants that ran them

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6
Q

How did the renaissance revive classical culture?

A

Byzantine artists and Italian commerce advanced the Renaissance. Italians revived the classical culture through the use of vernacular literature and humanism.

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7
Q

What is distinctive about gothic architecture?

A

Soaring arches filled with light; let in a lot of light

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8
Q

While the renaissance revived classic culture, what legacy of the classical age was abandoned?

A

The Latin language

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9
Q

Who was a renaissance scholar who wrote sonnets?

A

Petrarch

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10
Q

Who was Petrarch?

A

A renaissance writer from Florence who wrote the “divine comedy” and whose work pioneered vernacular literature. He is famous for a number of sonnets dedicated to a woman named Laura.

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11
Q

What family dominated the Italian renaissance?

A

The Medici family

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12
Q

Who wanted the church to go back to simplicity and believed Catholicism was becoming too ritualistic

A

Erasmus

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13
Q

Erasmus

A

A Dutch humanist and scholar who became one of the most influential writers of the northern renaissance and promoted a simple, human piety called “the philosophy of Christ”

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14
Q

What is Machiavelli famous for?

A

A ruler should do whatever it takes to achieve their goals

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15
Q

Machiavelli

A

A florentine renaissance writer who wrote “the prince,” which pragmatically advised rulers to do whatever it takes to get their way

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16
Q

How did the Dominican and Franciscan religious orders differ from the orders that came before them?

A

They went out to live in society

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17
Q

What was the main inspiration for the renaissance?

A

The achievements of the classical age

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18
Q

What new military technology revolutionized European warfare during the 100 years war?

A

Gunpowder

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19
Q

What were “Jaques”?

A

French peasants who lead a revolt against their leaders

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20
Q

Which of the following was not a result of the Black Death?

A

Medical treatment was not improved

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21
Q

Which of these preceded and worsened the effects of the plague?

A

Famine and crop failure

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22
Q

Why were Joan of Arc, Melisende of Jerusalem, and Elanor of Aquitqine important?

A

They were exceptions to the usual roles of medieval women

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23
Q

Which of these was achieved by the manga Carta?

A

Restricted the rights of nobles and royalty and placed them “under the law”

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24
Q

What united the Germanic tribes?

A

A common language

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25
Q

Geographically, where were the Celts originally located, and where did they eventually move?

A

Southern France and northern Spain, then they moved to Ireland

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26
Q

Which emperor kept the Roman Empire together when it was falling apart?

A

Constantine

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27
Q

Who divided the Roman Empire in two?

A

Diocletian

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28
Q

What happened to the eastern Roman Empire as the western Roman Empire collapsed under the pressure of the Germanic tribes?

A

It grew stronger

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29
Q

Where do the names of the days of the week come from?

A

The Germanic (specifically the Norse) gods

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30
Q

What are the present-day semi-autonomous countries located in the geographic area formerly known as the Holy Roman Empire?

A

Germany and Italy

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31
Q

What was the problem with the second crusade? How did it end?

A

The Muslims reconquered one of the crusader states and the Islamic Turks defeated the crusaders in Anatolia

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32
Q

What was the problem with the third crusade? How did to end?

A

Saladin reconquered the crusader states and the kings that initiated the crusade died (Barbarossa died), and argued with one another (Richard and Philip) ; overall disaster

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33
Q

What was the problem with the fourth crusade? How did it end?

A

Christians were killing other Christians in Constantinople and it was driven more by greed

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34
Q

Who benefitted most from the crusades?

A

Merchants (people who traded)

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35
Q

What aided Europe’s agricultural advances?

A

A warming climate and technological advances

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36
Q

Which technological advances contributed to the agricultural revolution?

A
  • Iron plows
  • swamp draining techniques
  • horse collars
  • water Mills and windmills
37
Q

Define the High Middle Ages:

A

The era surrounding the crusades (Roughly from 1050-1300) which brought advances in almost every area of European endeavor.

38
Q

What 7 things happened during the High Middle Ages?

A

Agriculture expanded, towns and trade grew, monarchies strengthened, religion thrived, universities emerged, scholarship blossomed, and architecture flourished.

39
Q

What emerged from the High Middle Ages?

A

Monarchies

40
Q

Which King established a strong judicial system?

A

King Henry II

41
Q

What was the significance of the manga Carta?

A

King John had to submit some authority to the people and it placed him and other nobles under the law

42
Q

What did the first crusade accomplish?

A

Established the holy lands and four kingdoms outside of Constantinople as well as captured Jerusalem

43
Q

What was the reason for the invitation of the second crusade?

A

The Muslims had regrouped and reconquered one of the crusader states

44
Q

Who authorized the second crusade?

A

Pope Eugenius III

45
Q

Who lead the third crusade?

A
  • German: Frederic Barbarossa
  • French: Philip II Augustus
  • England: Richard the Lionheart
46
Q

Who started the fourth crusade?

A

Pope Innocent III

47
Q

What was the impact of Constantine’s reign?

A

Saved the empire

48
Q

Who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire?

A

Theodosious

49
Q

Whom do the popes see themselves as successors to?

A

St. Peter

50
Q

What is papal primacy?

A

The doctrine that the pope has authority over the entire Christian church

51
Q

Hey was the biggest threat to the Eastern Roman Empire?

A

The Persians

52
Q

Which Germanic tribe moved into North Africa?

A

The Vandals

53
Q

Which Germanic tribe moved into the Balkans?

A

Visigoths

54
Q

Who was the last western roman emperor?

A

Romulus Augustulus

55
Q

Hen did Rome fall officially for the first time?

A

410

56
Q

Who was known as the scourge of God?

A

Attila the Hun

57
Q

Wheat title did the rulers of Constantinople still assume?

A

emperor

58
Q

What were the dates for the Middle Ages?

A

476-1300

Fall of Rome to the 14th century

59
Q

After the fall of Rome, what was the most powerful institution left standing?

A

The church

60
Q

Which of these gave the franks a special place in Christianity?

A

They were the first Germanic tribe to accept Christianity

61
Q

Who settled England?

A

St. Augustine

62
Q

What did saint Benedict do?

A

Established the Benedictine rules

63
Q

the Benedictine rules outline a life of…

A
  • poverty
  • Chastity
  • Obedience
64
Q

After the fall of Rome, who was the first guy to try too reunite Western Europe?

A

Charlemagne

65
Q

Who was Charles Martel?

A

Mayor of a Germanic kingdom famed as Europe’s savior from Islamic conquest ( drove Muslims out of France and into Spain)

66
Q

What is a fief?

A

A piece of land given to a vassal

67
Q

What is a landed estate called?

A

A manor

68
Q

What were serfs?

A

Peasants bound to a manor and under the control of its lord

69
Q

What were peasants lives centered on?

A

Fields, family, and the church

70
Q

What is simony?

A

The selling of church positions

71
Q

What and when of the great schism?

A

1054 the church was divided between east and west

72
Q

What happened at the council of Nicaea?

A

They denounced heresies and decided the fundamental principles of the Christian faith

73
Q

Who considered themselves to the “equals of the apostles”?

A

The Byzantine emperors

74
Q

What were the four eastern patriarchs?

A
  • Antioch
  • Jerusalem
  • Constantinople
  • Alexandria
75
Q

Caesaropapism

A

Th vesting of all spiritual and secular authority in one person

76
Q

What caused the fall of the Byzantine empire?

A

Conflict on two frontiers

77
Q

What was the source of conflict for the Byzantine empire from the east?

A

The Persians

78
Q

Theodora

A

An empress of the Byzantine empire that ruled alongside Justinian

79
Q

What was Justinean’s code based on?

A

Raman law

80
Q

What did Justinean do?

A
  • Worked to reunify the roman state
  • Codified roman law
  • tried to unify church and state
81
Q

How did Justinean differ from his successors?

A

He worked to reunify the Roman Empire and they didn’t

82
Q

What language became dominant in the Byzantine empire?

A

Greek

83
Q

In what respect was Justinean the last roman emperor?

A

The was the last native-Latin speaking emperor to rule the Byzantine empire

84
Q

What was a hippodrome?

A

An outdoor stadium where athletic events were held in th Byzantine empire

85
Q

Why did the population decease?

A

Plague

86
Q

What were their results of the muslim attacks on the Byzantine empire?

A

Women’s lives were restricted and tye became increasingly subordinate to me

87
Q

What caused iconoclasm?

A

The people of Constantinople believed they were being punished by god and decided to destroy all the religious icons

88
Q

What is iconoclasm?

A

The breaking of religious icons

89
Q

What happened at the battle of Manzikert?

A

The Byzantines wear soundly defeated and Romanus was captured

90
Q

In 1453, who overthrew the Holy Roman Empire?

A

The Turks

History (15 decks)

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