Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Psychology
A
The scientific study of the mind and behavior
2
Q
Empirical Method
A
A method based on acquiring knowledge from observation and experimentation
3
Q
Structuralism (Wundt)
A
Focuses on the content of mental processes rather than function
4
Q
Functionalism (James)
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Studies the whole mind and how it helps an organism fit into its environment
5
Q
Psychoanalysis (Freud)
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Focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious
6
Q
Behaviorism (Watson)
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Focuses on observing and controlling behavior
7
Q
Humanism (Maslow, Rogers)
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Highlights the innate potential for good in all people, focuses on the whole human, and emphasizes self-awareness
8
Q
Cognitive perspective
A
Looks to mental functioning to understand behavior
9
Q
Behavioral perspective
A
Focuses on learned behavior, instinct, and controlling behavior
10
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Biopsychology perspective
A
Seeks to understand how our biology influences our behavior
11
Q
Forensic psychology
A
Associated with the justice system
12
Q
Sports and exercise psychology
A
Studies how thought, emotion, and performance play roles in sports and exercise
13
Q
Clinical psychology
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Diagnose and treat disorders
14
Q
Health psychology
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Seeks to help people live healthier likes
15
Q
Industrial Organizational psychology (IO)
A
Applies psychological principles in the workplace environment
16
Q
Scientific method
A
Observe, wonder, hypothesize, experiment, conclude, analyze results
17
Q
Purpose of replication
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Repeat an experiment to ensure its reliability
18
Q
Experimental study
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Manipulate a variable and compare the results with a control group
19
Q
Case study
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Observe one or a few people
20
Q
Correlation
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When one variable changes, so does another
21
Q
Observational study
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Observe behavior in its natural setting
22
Q
Survey
A
A list of questions to be answered by participants
23
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Archival research
A
Looking at past data
24
Q
Longitudinal study
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Data is gathered over an extended period of time
25
Cross-sectional study
Multiple segments of the population are analyzed at the same time
26
Correlation coefficient
-1 < r < 1, a measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between variables
27
Placebo effect
People's expectations influence their experience
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IRB
A committee of individuals (institution's administration, scientists, community) that review research proposals involving human participants
29
Soma
Cell body
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Dendrites
Branching extensions where signals are received from other neurons
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Axon
Transmits signals down neuron
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Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers
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Receptors
Proteins where neurotransmitters attach (lock and key style)
34
Synaptic cleft
Space between neurons where communication occurs
35
How is the nervous system divided?
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (connects CNS to the rest of the body via axons that transmit messages)
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How is the peripheral nervous system divided?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
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Somatic nervous system
Conscious/voluntary activities, sensory and motor neurons carry messages to and from the central nervous system
38
Efferent vs afferent fibers
Sensory neurons are afferent (arrive)
Motor neurons are efferent (exit)
39
Autonomic nervous system
Controls internal organs and glands outside of voluntary control
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How is the autonomic nervous system divided?
Sympathetic NS (stress related activities)
Parasympathetic NS (return body to routine operations)
** Maintain homeostasis **
41
Amygdala
Emotion and tying emotion to memories
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Hippocampus
Learning and memory
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Cerebellum
Receives messages from muscles, tendons, and joints to control motor skills; procedural memories
44
Hypothalamus
Regulates homeostatic processes
45
Pons
Connects the hindbrain to the rest of the brain, regulates brain activity during sleep
46
Frontal lobe
Reasoning, motor control, emotion, language
47
Temporal lobe
Hearing, memory, emotion, language
48
Occipital lobe
Interprets visual information
49
Parietal lobe
Processes information from senses
50
Damage to Wernicke's vs Broca's area
Wernicke: produce sensible language, cannot understand it
Broca: difficulty producing language
51
Lateralization
Specialization of function in each hemisphere
52
Neuroplasticity
Describes the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt
53
Classical conditioning
The process where we learn to associate stimuli and anticipate events
54
US and UR
US: elicits reflexive response
UR: natural reaction
55
NS and CS
NS: does not naturally elicit a response
CS: the stimulus that elicits a response
56
CR
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
57
Operant conditioning
Organism learns to associate a behavior and its consequence
58
Reinforcers
Increase the likelihood of a behavioral response
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Punishment
Decreases the likelihood of a behavioral response
60
Positive
Something is added
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Negative
Something is removed
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Primary reinforcer
Something with innate reinforcing qualities
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Secondary reinforcer
Only has reinforcing qualities when paired with a primary reinforcer
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Stimulus discrimination
An organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
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Stimulus generalization
Organism demonstrates conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
66
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations of a target behaviorl
67
Extinction and classical conditioning
A decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
68
Extinction and operant conditioning
Extinction that occurs after reinforcement stops
69
What types of operant conditioning are most and least resistant to extinction
Variable ratio is the most resistant
Fixed interval is the least resistant
70
Token economy
Tokens are used as secondary reinforcers and can be traded for rewards
71
Example of a token economy
A sticker chart used at a school. After a certain number of stickers are earned, a prize is given
72
Learning
A change in behavior that is the result of experience
73
Observational learning
Learning by watching and then imitating others
74
Latent learning
Learning that occurs and only shows when there is a reason to demonstrate it
75
Memory
The set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
76
Implicit memory
Long term memories learned outside of our awareness that cannot be consciously recalled
77
Explicit memory
Memories we try to remember, recall, and report
78
Declarative memories
Explicit memories; memories we are able to put into words
79
Two types of declarative/explicit memories
Episodic (events we have personally experienced)
Semantic (knowledge about words, concepts, and facts)
80
Procedural memory
Type of implicit memory about how to do tasks
81
Consolidation
The process of transferring new learning into long-term memory
82
Role of sleep in consolidation
The brain organizes and consolidates information while we sleep
83
Role of the amygdala and hippocampus in memory
Amygdala consolidates emotionally arousing memories, hippocampus plays a role in consolidation
84
Amnesia
Loss of long term memory because of disease, physical or psychological trauma
85
Anterograde amnesia
Able to remember old information but not post-trauma
86
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for pre-trauma events
87
Interference
Information in our memory is inaccessible
88
Proactive interference
Old information hinders recall of new information
89
Retroactive interference
Loss of memory for pre-trauma events
90
Misinformation effect paradigm
After exposure to additional and possibly innacurate information, a person may misremember the original event
91
Suggestibility
Misinformation may lead to the creation of false memories
92
Chunking
Organizing information into manageable bits
93
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of information to be remembered
94
Distributive practice
Study across time in short durations to allow for memory consolidation
95
Elaborative rehearsal
Think about the meaning of information and make it memorable
96
Teratogen
A biological, chemical, physical, or environmental agent that damages the developing fetus
97
Temperament
Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
98
Secure attachment
Healthiest attachment, child prefers parent over stranger
99
Avoidant attachment
Child is unresponsive to parent who is insensitive and inattentive
100
Resistant attachment
Child is clingy but rejects interaction, parent is inconsistent
101
Disorganized attachment
Child displays erratic behavior, caregiver is abusive
102
Authoritative
Parent gives reasonable and consistent demands and limits, is affectionate and listens to child
103
Authoritarian
High value on conformity, obedience, and expresses little warmth to child
104
Permissive
Few demands, little punishment, nurturing and loving to child
105
Assimilation
Children take in information and compare it to what they already know
106
Accomodation
Children change schemata based on new information
107
Sensorimotor
World is seen through senses and actions (Object permanence, stranger anxiety)
108
Preoperational
Use words and images, lack logical reasoning (pretend play, egocentrism)
109
Concrete operational
Arithmetic, understand concrete events and analogies (conservation, math)
110
Formal operational
Formal operations, abstract reasoning (abstract logic and morals)
111
Alzheimer's
Plaque buildup causes dementia/severe forgetfulness
112
Harlow's experiment
Two surrogate monkeys, one dispensed milk and the other was soft. The monkeys preferred the soft one, showing child bonds are formed on comfort and security
113
Psychosocial development theory
Development takes place across the lifespan
114
Fundamental attribution error
Failure to recognize when someone's behavior is due to situational variables
115
Actor-observer bias
Attributing other people's behavior to internal factors and our own to situational forces
116
Self-serving bias
Explain our successes as due to internal characteristics and failures due to situational forces
117
Cognitive dissonance
Discomfort from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions
118
Influences on helping behavior
Altruism (desire to), compulsion from empathy, self-serving egos
119
Foot in the door technique
Encourage someone to agree to something small, than ask for something larger
120
Prejudice
Negative attitude toward an individual based on membership in a particular social group
121
Discrimination
Negative action toward an individual because of membership in a particular social group
122
Stanley Milgram obedience study
Participants shocked learners when they answered a question incorrectly. 65% continued to shock even when learners pleaded them to stop, showing that people obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm
123
Stanford Prison experiment
Prisoners and guards naturally assumed roles, showing the power of social norms, roles, and scripts over human behavior
124
Asch effect
The influence of the group majority on an individual's judgement
125
Diffusion of responsibility
The tendency for no one in a group to help because responsibility is spread throughout the group
126
Health psychology
Studies psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when ill
127
Immunosuppression
Reduced effectiveness of the immune system
128
Effect of stress on the immune system
Reduced effectiveness
129
PTSD
Chronic stress reaction characterized by intrusive memories of stressors of the event
130
Main sources of stress
Traumatic events - death, divorce, moving
Hassles - daily irritations and annoyances
Occupation - job strain, excessive job demands
131
General adaptation syndrome
Body's nonspecific physiological stress response
132
Stages of general adaptation syndrome
(1) Alarm (fight or flight)
(2) Resistance (body is used to stress but still prepared to respond)
(3) Exhaustion (physical toll)
133
Psychological moderators of stress
Optimism (tendency to look on the bright side), self-efficacy (belief in oneself to act in the necessary way), social support
134
What behavioral pattern doubles the risk for heart disease?
Anger
135
Problem-focused coping
Manage or alter the problem causing stress
136
Emotion-focused coping
Change or reduce negative emotions associated with stress
137
Type A vs Type B
Intensely driven, workaholics vs relaxed and laid-back
138
Characteristics of psychological disorders
Disturbance in psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning that cause problems for the individual and those they come into contact with
139
Name of the manual used to diagnose psychological disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
140
Comorbity
Co-occurrence of two disorders
141
Etiology
Causes
142
Diathesis-stress model
Integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder
143
Anxiety
Apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a negative event
144
OCD
Urges that are unwanted and intrusive or used to engage in compulsions
145
Major depressive disorder
Sad, empty, hopeless most of the day, nearly everyday
146
Schizophrenia
Major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
147
Bipolar disorder
Mood oscillates between depression and mania (persistently elevated mood and energy)
148
Borderline PD
Unstable interpersonal relationship, self image, mood, impulsive
149
Antisocial PD
No regard for other people's rights or feelings
150
Paranoid PD
Unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others
151
Schizoid PD
Lack of interest and desire in forming relationships, aloof, emotional detachment
152
Schizotypal PD
Eccentricities in thought and behavior, paranoid
153
Histronic PD
Excessively overdramatic, emotional, theatrical, need for constant attention
154
Avoidant PD
Oversensitive to negative evaluation, overly fearful of criticism or rejection
155
Dependent PD
Submissive, clingy, unable to make decisions without reassurance
