Chapter 6

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

Motor or neural reaction to a stimulus in the environment

Question 2

What part of the nervous system is involved in a reflex?

Answer 2

Primitive centers of CNS (spinal cord, medulla)

Question 3

Instinct

Answer 3

Innate behaviors triggered by a broad range of events

Question 4

What part of the nervous system is involved in instincts?

Answer 4

Higher brain centers

Question 5

Define “learning”

Answer 5

A permanent change in behavior or knowledge from experience

Question 6

What part of the brain is involved in learning?

Answer 6

The conscious and unconscious

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

We unconsciously learn to associate stimuli and anticipate events

Question 8

What psychologist is associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Pavlov and his dogs

Question 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism

Question 10

Neutral stimulus

Answer 10

A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 11

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

Stimulus that elicits a response after being repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Unconditioned response

Answer 12

Natural reaction to a given stimulus

Question 13

Conditioned response

Answer 13

Behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Higher/second-order conditioning

Answer 14

Using the conditioned stimulus to condition another stimulus

Question 15

Acquisition

Answer 15

Initial period of learning when an organism connects a neutral and unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

What follows after acquisition?

Answer 16

The neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response and becomes the conditioned stimulus

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

A decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

Question 18

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 19

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 19

Organisms learn to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar to

Question 20

Stimulus generalization

Answer 20

Organism demonstrates conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus in

Question 21

Behaviorism

Answer 21

All behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction without regard for internal processes

Question 22

What psychologist is associated with behaviorism?

Answer 22

Watson - psychology must focus on outward observable behavior

Question 23

Operant conditioning

Answer 23

Organisms associate a behavior and its consequences

Question 24

Approach to classical conditioning

Answer 24

Unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus that eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus, which brings about the conditioned response

Question 25

Approach to operant conditioning

Answer 25

Target behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment to strengthen or weaken it. Learner is more likely to exhibit the desired behavior.

Question 26

Stimulus timing for classical conditioning

Answer 26

Immediately before response

Question 27

Stimulus timing for operant conditioning

Answer 27

Soon after response

Question 28

Psychologist associated with operant conditioning and radical behaviorism?

Answer 28

Skinner - classical conditioning is limited to existing reflexive behaviors

Question 29

Positive reinforcement

Answer 29

Something is added to increase likelihood of a behavior

Question 30

Law of effect

Answer 30

Learning is the result of consequences

Question 31

Positive punishment

Answer 31

Something is added to decrease likelihood of a behavior

Question 32

Negative reinforcement

Answer 32

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 33

Negative punishment

Answer 33

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 34

Shaping

Answer 34

Reward successive approximations of a target behavior

Question 35

Purpose of shaping

Answer 35

To teach a complex or chain behavior

Question 36

Primary reinforcer

Answer 36

Innate reinforcing qualities

Question 37

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 37

No inherent value, only has reinforcing qualities when linked with the primary reinforcer

Question 38

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 38

An organism receives an enforcer each time it displays a behavior

Question 39

Partial reinforcement

Answer 39

A desired behavior is not reinforced every time it is performed

Question 40

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 40

Behavior is rewarded after a certain amount of time

Question 41

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 41

Reinforcement is based on varying and unpredictable amounts of time

Question 42

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 42

A set number of responses must occur before behavior is rewarded

Question 43

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 43

Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Question 44

What partial reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Answer 44

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 45

Cognitive map

Answer 45

Mental picture

Question 46

Latent learning

Answer 46

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior unless there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 47

Observational learning

Answer 47

Watch others then imitate them

Question 48

Model

Answer 48

The individual performing the imitated behavior

Question 49

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 49

Model was reinforced for their behavior, observer is more motivated to copy it

Question 50

Vicarious punishment

Answer 50

Model was punished for behavior, observer is less inclined to copy it