Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Encoding

A

Input of information into the memory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Steps to encoding

A

Sensory info —> brain codes it —> connect to existing concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Automatic processing

A

Done without conscious awareness (time, space, meaning of words)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Effortful processing

A

Work and attention to code information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Three types of encoding

A

Semantic, visual, acoustic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Words and their meaning (deeper level of understanding will mean the word is better remembered)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Visual encoding

A

Images (words with mental pictures are easier to recall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Sounds and words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Individuals tend to have a better memory for information that relates to oneself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Storage

A

Creation of a permanent record of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steps to storage

A

Sensory input —> sensory memory —> short-term memory —> long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sensory memory

A

Storage of brief sensory events (most are discarded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Short-term memory

A

Temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory (limited)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rehearsal

A

The movement of information from short-term to long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Long-term memory

A

Continuous storage of information (unlimited)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is long-term memory organized?

A

Semantic network - concepts and associated concepts that are linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spreading activation

A

The more links to a concept, the better the chance of remembering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explicit memories

A

Consciously tried to remember, recall, and report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Episodic memory

A

Information about events we have personally experienced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Implicit memories

A

Long-term memories learned outside our awareness that cannot be consciously recalled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Procedural memory

A

How to perform a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Priming memory

A

Exposure to a stimulus affects the response to a later stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Emotional conditioning
Classically conditioned emotional response
26
Steps in the memory process
Encoding, storage, retrieval
27
Retrieval
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
28
Recall
Access the information without cues (essay test)
29
Recognition
Identify previously learned information after encountering it again (MCQ)
30
Relearning
Learning information again (ie, language)
31
Engram
The group of neurons that serve as the “physical representation of memory”
32
Equipotentiality
If one part of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part o the same area can take over that function
33
Amygdala
Regulates emotion
34
Three functions of the amygdala
(1) Plays a role in how memories are stored b/c storage is influenced by stress hormones (2) Memory consolidation - transferring new learning into long-term memory (3) Encodes memories at a deeper level when event is emotionally arousing
35
Hippocampus
Normal recognition memory, spatial memory
36
Three functions of hippocampus
(1) Memory consolidation (2) When injured, we are unable to process new declarative memories (3) Projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other memories
37
Cerebellum
Creates implicit memories
38
Prefrontal cortex
Processes and retains information
39
Arousal theory
Stronger emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
40
Why does arousal theory make sense?
Strong emotional experiences trigger the release of NTs and hormones that strengthen memory
41
Flashbulb memory
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
42
Amnesia
Loss of long term memory as the result of disease, physical or psychological trauma
43
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to remember new information after an injury
44
Details of anterograde amnesia (2)
(1) Affects the hippocampus (2) Unable to form episodic or semantic memories, but procedural memories are ok
45
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to trauma
46
Detail of retrograde amnesia (1)
Trouble recalling episodic memories
47
Construction
Formulation of new memories
48
Reconstruction
Process of bringing up old memories
49
Suggestibility
Effects of misinformation from external sources that lead to the creation of false memories
50
Misinformation effect
After exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event
51
False memory syndrome
Recall of false autobiographical memories
52
Forgetting
Loss of information from long-term memory
53
Encoding memory
Memory loss that happens before the memory process begins
54
Transience
Forgetting (accessibility of memory decreases over time)
55
Absent mindedness
Forgetting (caused by lapses in attention)
56
Blocking
Forgetting (accessibility of information is temporarily locked)
57
Misattribution
Distortion (source off memory is confused - ie; recalling dream as waking memory)
58
Suggestibility bias
Distortion; (false memories distorted by current belief
59
Persistence
Introversion; inability to forget undesirable memories
60
Inference
Information is stored in memory but is inaccessible
61
Chunking
Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
62
Elaborative rehearsal
Thinking about the meaning of new information and relating to previous knowledge
63
Mnemonic device
Memory aids to organize information for encoding
64
Self-reference effect
Making new information personally meaningful
65
Distribution practice
Studying in short durations across time to allow for memory consolidation.

Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions