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Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Three developmental domains

A

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

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2
Q

Physical development

A

Growth and changes in the body, brain, senses, motor skills, health, and wellness

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3
Q

Cognitive development (Piaget)

A

Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity are developed and shifted as we progress through specific stages

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4
Q

Psychosocial development (Erickson)

A

Emotions, personality, and social relationships are developed in stages through the lifespan

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5
Q

Research methods in developmental psychology

A

Naturalistic observations, case studies, surveys, and experiments

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6
Q

Normative approach

A

What is normal development?

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7
Q

Developmental milestones

A

Children develop at slightly different rates, but we can use age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events

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8
Q

Continuous development

A

Development is a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

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9
Q

Discontinuous development

A

Development takes place in unique stages at specific times or ages

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10
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Are our personalities and traits the result of our genetic makeup and biological factors, or are they shaped by our environment?

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11
Q

Universal vs multiple courses of development

A

Children from around the world reach developmental milestones in a similar sequence vs different cultural practices have been found to accelerate or inhibit reaching developmental milestones

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12
Q

Psychosexual development (Freud)

A

Emotions, personality, and social relationships are developed through the lifespan

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13
Q

Ego identity (Erickson, psychosocial development)

A

How we interact with others is what affects our sense of self / ego identity

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14
Q

Stage 1 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 0-1, development trust vs mistrust as caregivers meet basic needs such as nourishment and affection

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15
Q

Stage 2 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 1-3, autonomy vs. shame/doubt as children develop a sense of independence in many tasks

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16
Q

Stage 3 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 3-6, initiative vs. guilt as children take initiative on some activities and may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped

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17
Q

Stage 4 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 7-11, industry vs. inferiority as children develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

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18
Q

Stage 5 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 12-18, identity vs. confusion as adolescents experiment with and develop identity and roles

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19
Q

Stage 6 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 19-29, intimacy vs. isolation as we establish intimacy and relationships with others

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20
Q

Stage 7 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 30-64, generativity vs. stagnation as we contribute to society and be part of a family

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21
Q

Stage 8 of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

A

Ages 65+, integrity vs. despair as we assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

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22
Q

Schemata

A

Concepts used to help us categorize and interpret information

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23
Q

Two ways to adjust schemata

A

Assimilation (compare new information to what is already known)
Accommodation (change a schemata based on new information)

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24
Q

Stage 1 of Piaget’s cognitive stages of development

A

Age 0-2, sensorimotor stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. May come with object permanence and stranger anxiety

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25
Stage 2 of Piaget’s cognitive stages of development
Ages 2-6, preoperational, use words and images to represent things but lack logical reasoning. May come with pretend play, egocentrism, language development issues
26
Stage 3 of Piaget’s cognitive stages of development
Ages 7-11, concrete operational, understand concrete events and analogies logically, perform arithmetic operations, understand reversibility
27
Stage 4 of Piaget’s cognitive stages of development
Ages 12+, formal operations, utilize abstract reasoning
28
Egocentrism
Unable to take the perspective of others
29
Sociocultural theory of development (Lev Vygotsky)
Human development is rooted in one’s culture
30
Moral theory of development (Kohlberg)
Moral development follows a series of stages
31
Level 1, Stage 1 of moral development
(Pre-conventional morality), Obedience and punishment: behavior is driven by avoiding punishment
32
Level 1, stage 2 of moral development
(Pre-conventional), Individual interest: behavior is driven by self-interest and awards
33
Level 2, stage 3 of moral development
(Conventional morality), Interpersonal: behavior is driven by social approval
34
Level 2, stage 4 of moral development
(Conventional morality), Authority: behavior is driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order
35
Level 3, stage 5 of moral development
(Post-conventional), social contract: behavior is driven by balance of social order and individual rights
36
Level 3, stage 6 of moral development
(Post-conventional), universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles
37
Germinal stage
Conception -> zygote, mitosis. Cells specialize and attach to the lining of the uterus
38
Embryonic stage
The zygote becomes an embryo after attaching to the lining of the uterus. The placenta forms, connecting to the uterus to provide nourishment and oxygen to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
39
Fetal stage
Sex organs differentiate, internal organs form, the brain develops and the fetus gains weight and grows in length
40
Teratogen
Any environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
41
Critical or sensitive period
Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy
42
Newborn reflexes
Inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation that help the newborn survive until it is capable of more complex behaviors
43
Motor skills
Our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
44
Fine motor skills
Focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
45
Gross motor skills
Focus on large muscle groups that control our arms, legs, and involve larger movements
46
Attachment
A long-standing connection or bond with others
47
Secure base
A parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety while they explore their surroundings
48
Summarize cognitive development
Understanding objects, communication, time, curiosity, empathy, arithmetic, language, goal-orientation
49
Two things needed for a healthy attachment
- Responsive to physical, social, and emotional needs - Mutually enjoyable interactions
50
Secure attachment
Toddler prefers parents over a stranger. Caregiver must be sensitive and responsive to needs
51
Avoidant attachment
Child is unresponsive to the parent, who is not a secure base. The caregiver is insensitive and inattentive to needs
52
Resistant attachment
Children show clingy behavior but reject attachment figure’s attempts to interact. Caregiver has inconsistent level of response
53
Disorganized attachment
Children behave oddly towards caregivers, who may be abusive and disrupt a child’s ability to regulate emotions.
54
Self-concept
Includes self-recognition, autonomy, and the ability to recognize their own personality traits as well as traits they would like to have
55
Authoritative style
The parent gives reasonable demands, consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view.
56
Authoritarian style
Parents place high value on conformity and obedience. They are strict, tightly monitor the children, and display little affection.
57
Permissive style
Parents make few demands, rarely use punishment, and are very nurturing and loving.
58
Uninvolved style
The parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes neglectful
59
Temperament
Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
60
Adolescence
The period that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood
61
Adrenarche and gonadarche
The maturing of the adrenal and sex glands
62
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
63
Cognitive empathy
The ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others
64
Emerging adulthood
Spanning from 18 to the mid-20s and characterized as an in-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love
65
Socioemotional selectiity theory
Our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we age, but remain as close if not more so than in our earlier years
66
Hospice
Provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment
67
Living will or advance directive
A written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants
68
Health care proxy
Appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself

Psychology (12 decks)

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