Chapter 1

Question 1

What is psychology?

Answer 1

Scientific study of the mind & behavior

Psychology encompasses various approaches to understanding human thought and action.

Question 2

What is the empirical method?

Answer 2

Based on observation

The empirical method focuses on measurable phenomena in psychological research.

Question 3

Define introspection.

Answer 3

Examining one’s own conscious experience as objectively as possible

Introspection is a key technique in structuralism.

Question 4

What is structuralism?

Answer 4

Focuses on the contents of mental processes rather than their function

Structuralism was largely developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.

Question 5

What does functionalism emphasize?

Answer 5

How mental activities help an organism fit into its environment

Key figures include William James, John Dewey, and Charles Peirce.

Question 6

What is natural selection?

Answer 6

The process leading to organisms adapted to their environment

This concept is fundamental in understanding evolutionary psychology.

Question 7

What is psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 7

The role of a person’s unconscious, especially childhood experiences

Sigmund Freud is the primary figure associated with psychoanalytic theory.

Question 8

What does behaviorism focus on?

Answer 8

Observing and controlling behavior

Key figures include John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Behaviorism is based on _______.

Answer 9

Observing & controlling behavior

Question 10

What is the significance of determinism in psychology?

Answer 10

Emphasizes the influence of genetics and environment on behavior

Determinism suggests that behavior is predetermined by biological and environmental factors.

Question 11

What does humanism emphasize?

Answer 11

Innate potential for good

Prominent figures include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

Question 12

What is client-centered therapy?

Answer 12

A therapeutic approach emphasizing the individual’s perspective

Developed by Carl Rogers, this approach is central to humanistic psychology.

Question 13

What is the American Psychological Association?

Answer 13

A professional, widely diverse organization of American psychologists.

Question 14

What is the mission of the American Psychological Association?

Answer 14

To advance and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people.

Question 15

What does biopsychology study?

Answer 15

How our biology influences our behavior, especially the nervous system.

Question 16

What areas does biopsychology cover?

Answer 16

Sensory and motor systems, sleep, drug use, reproduction, etc.

Question 17

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 17

The ultimate biological cause of a behavior (genes).

Question 18

What is a challenge in studying evolutionary psychology?

Answer 18

It is difficult to distinguish natural selection from cultural behaviors.

Question 19

What does cognitive psychology focus on?

Answer 19

The relationship between thoughts and experiences/actions.

Question 20

What areas does cognitive psychology include?

Answer 20

Attention, problem-solving, language, memory.

Question 21

What does developmental psychology study?

Answer 21

Development across a lifespan.

Question 22

What does personality psychology examine?

Answer 22

Patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.

Question 23

What is the focus of identifying and measuring personality?

Answer 23

Traits that determine a person’s behavior.

Question 24

What does social psychology explore?

Answer 24

How we interact and relate to others.

Question 25

What are key aspects of social psychology?

Answer 25

How we explain our own behavior and the behavior of others, and how other people change our behavior.

Question 26

What is industrial-organizational psychology?

Answer 26

The application of psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings.

Question 27

What is the purpose of hiring in the context of productivity?

Answer 27

Hired to provide high employee productivity & efficiency

Question 28

What does the biopsychosocial model explain?

Answer 28

How health is affected by biological, psychological & sociocultural factors

Question 29

What are the four relationships discussed in health?

Answer 29

Genetics, behavior, psychological stress, & health

Question 30

What does sport and exercise psychology focus on?

Answer 30

Psychological aspects of sport performance

Question 31

What are key topics in sport and exercise psychology?

Answer 31

Motivation, performance anxiety & effects on mental & emotional well-being

Question 32

What is clinical psychology concerned with?

Answer 32

Diagnosis & treatment of psychological disorders

Question 33

What does counseling psychology focus on?

Answer 33

Emotional, social, & health outcomes in healthy individuals

Question 34

What does forensic psychology deal with?

Answer 34

Questions of psychology in the justice system

Question 35

What are some roles of forensic psychologists?

Answer 35

Competency to stand trial, consultants on child custody cases, eyewitness testimony advice

Question 36

What do postdoctoral training programs offer to young scientists?

Answer 36

Further development of research programs & strengthening research skills under supervision of other professionals

Question 37

What does a PsyD degree represent?

Answer 37

Doctor of psychology degree among individuals in clinical psychology

Question 38

What is emphasized in a PsyD program?

Answer 38

Greater emphasis on application of psychological principles in clinical context

Question 39

Who is Wundt and what is his contribution?

Answer 39

Wundt was a structuralist who aimed to understand cognitive experience by breaking it into parts

Question 40

What is James' perspective on mental activities?

Answer 40

Mental activities serve as a response to the environment. ## Footnote Focus on introspection versus objective measures.

Question 41

What does Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasize?

Answer 41

Understanding the unconscious mind to comprehend the conscious mind.

Question 42

What is the Gestalt approach?

Answer 42

A holistic view of the individual's experiences.

Question 43

What do Watson and Skinner represent in psychology?

Answer 43

Behaviorism, which focuses on the objective study of behavior.

Question 44

What is Maslow and Rogers' view on human nature?

Answer 44

A focus on the potential for goodness in people.

Question 45

What does biological psychology study?

Answer 45

The biological bases of behavior.

Question 46

What is the focus of sensation and perception?

Answer 46

How information from the senses is transformed into perceptual experiences.

Question 47

What does cognitive psychology examine?

Answer 47

The relationship between thought and behavior.

Question 48

What is the focus of developmental psychology?

Answer 48

Cognitive changes throughout our lifespan.

Question 49

What does personality psychology study?

Answer 49

The unique patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion in individuals.

Question 50

What are applied fields of psychology?

Answer 50

Industrial-organizational, health, clinical, sports, exercise, and forensic psychology.