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anatomy and physiology > final exam review > Flashcards

final exam review Flashcards

1
Q

define physiology

A

the study of homeostasis and how the body maintains it

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

an attempt to maintain a constant, steady balance, within and around the body

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3
Q

4 GI tract layers (out to in)

A

serosa
muscular layer
submucosa
mucosa

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4
Q

serosa

A

connective tissue to hold organs together and epithelial tissue to protect against friction and lubricate

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5
Q

muscular layer

A

smooth muscle tissue
2 layers (3 in stomach)

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6
Q

layers of muscular layer

A

circular - mixing
longitudinal - peristalsis
oblique - mixing (stomach)

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7
Q

submucosa

A

lots of blood vessels and nerves

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8
Q

mucosa

A

epithelial tissue, changes thru out tract, cells secrete mucus, enzymes, and hormones

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9
Q

parotid salivary gland

A

ant and inf to ears

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10
Q

submandibular salivary gland

A

below and medial to mandible

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11
Q

sublingual salivary gland

A

ant and under tongue

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12
Q

gross anatomy of stomach

A

cardiac sphincter
fundus
body
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
lesser curve
greater curve w greater omenta

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13
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

covers all organs

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14
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers each organ (serosa)

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15
Q

rugae

A

folds in mucosa that allow for distension

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16
Q

4 gastric glands

A

g cells
chief cells
parietal cells
mucus cells

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17
Q

gastrin

A

hormone from g cell that causes release of all other cells and their products

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18
Q

pepsinogen

A

enzyme released by chief cells in inactive form to break protein bonds

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19
Q

HCl

A

acid produced by parietal cells to kill pathogens

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20
Q

intrinsic factor

A

allows absorption of Vitamin B12

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21
Q

mucus

A

made from mucus cells to protect the stomach lining from acid

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22
Q

duodenum

A

10 in of small int, enzymes and secretions from accessory organs enter here

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23
Q

jejunum

A

8 ft of small int, digestion and absorption

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24
Q

ileum

A

12 ft of small int, absorption, joins large int @ ileocecal valve

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25
Q

small intestine physiology

A

completion of digestion and majority of absorption

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26
Q

cecum

A

2-3 in pouch of large int, has appendix attch.

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27
Q

ascending colon

A

vertical part of large int on right of liver

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28
Q

transverse colon

A

horizontal part of large int, below liver, above small int

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29
Q

descending colon

A

vertical part of large int, left side of iliac crest

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30
Q

sigmoid colon

A

“S” shaped part of of large int, goes posterior

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31
Q

rectum

A

7-8 in of large int, midline of body, tapered

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32
Q

anal canal

A

last inch of rectum

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33
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle

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34
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, anus

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35
Q

teniae coli

A

replaces longitudinal muscle, form haustra

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36
Q

haustra

A

pouches in large int

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37
Q

large int physiology (chem digestion)

A

NONE, only water and electrolytes absorbed, only mucus produced

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38
Q

haustral churning

A

mech digestion in large int, pouches distend and push poop to next pouch

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39
Q

peristalsis (due to teniae coli)

A

2-3 mass peristaltic waves a day (POOPING)

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40
Q

4 lobes of liver

A

right, left, caudate (post sup), quadrate (post inf)

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41
Q

porta

A

inf area where hepatic artery, portal vein, and duct are

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42
Q

liver lobules

A

functional unit of liver, made up of portal triad

43
Q

portal triad

A

branch of hepatic artery, portal vein, and duct

44
Q

hepatocytes

A

liver cells

45
Q

sinusoids

A

micro spaces for blood btwn hepatocytes

46
Q

central veins

A

merge into larger veins

47
Q

bile canaliculi

A

tiny channels that carry bile to hepatic duct

48
Q

kupffer cells

A

phagocytes that line sinusoids and remove foreign particles from blood

49
Q

main functions of liver

A

converts substances into usable forms
detox alcohol and drugs
makes bile

50
Q

basic function of gallbladder

A

concentrates and stores bile

51
Q

basic function of pancreas (exocrine)

A

produce and release enzymes into duodenum for digestion

52
Q

basic function of pancreas (endocrine)

A

produce and release hormones into blood

53
Q

disorder of pancreas

A

diabetes mellitus

54
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, pharynx, larynx

55
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

56
Q

erythrocytes

A

adult RBCs, no nucleus, kamikaze O2 transporters

57
Q

reticulocytes

A

young RBCs with nucleus, lose nuc when mature

58
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytes, reach infection first

59
Q

eosinophils

A

responsible for parasitic infections and allergic reactions

60
Q

basophils

A

responsible for allergic and antigen responses

61
Q

t-lymphocytes

A

directly attack infected cells, no antibodies

62
Q

b-lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies that bind to pathogen

63
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytes, finish job started by neutrophils, “vacuum cleaner”

64
Q

hemostasis (vasoconstriction)

A

smooth muscle in vessel walls contracts & restricts blood flow, platelets accumulate and secrete serotonin to prolong contraction

65
Q

hemostasis (platelet plug formation)

A

collagen in tissue attracts more platelets and they accumulate in the damaged area, blocks the opening in blood vessel

66
Q

hemostasis (coagulation)

A

prothrombin is in blood, PA is released by platelets and damaged tissue, PA & Ca2+ turn prothrombin –> thrombin which turns fibrinogen –> fibrin which gauzes up on the cut to form good clot

67
Q

hemostasis (final steps)

A

after clot forms fibrin contracts, fibroblasts migrate to area and form new connective tissue to repair damage, as healing occurs clot is dissolved thru fibroblasts

68
Q

type a blood

A

rbc: A agglutinogens
plasma: anti B agglutinins

69
Q

type b blood

A

rbc: B agglutinogens
plasma: anti A agglutinins

70
Q

type ab blood

A

rbc: A&B agglutinogens
plasma: no agglutinins

71
Q

type o blood

A

rbc: no agglutinogens
plasma: A&B agglutinins

72
Q

pericardium

A

double layer membrane surrounding heart

73
Q

epicardium

A

outermost layer, contains blood vessels that nourish heart, connective tissue

74
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, responsible for contraction, cardiac muscle tissue

75
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer, forms heart valves, smooth connective tissue

76
Q

superior chambers of heart

A

right and left atrium, receive blood and pump to ventricles

77
Q

auricles of atria

A

incr volume of blood atria can receive

78
Q

inferior chambers of heart

A

right and left ventricles, right pumps blood to lungs, left pumps blood to rest of body

79
Q

sulcus

A

external groove for blood vessels to rest

80
Q

coronary sulcus

A

external groove separating the atria and the ventricles

81
Q

interventricular sulcus

A

external groove separating the R&L ventricles

82
Q

septum

A

wall of tissue for separation

83
Q

interatrial septum

A

internal wall btwn atria

84
Q

interventricular septum

A

internal wall btwn ventricles

85
Q

heart valves

A

prevent backflow of blood

86
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

btwn atrium and ventricle

87
Q

tricuspid av valve

A

btwn R atrium and R ventricle

88
Q

bicuspid av valve

A

btwn L atrium and L ventricle

89
Q

chordae tendineae

A

connects av valves to papillary muscle in ventricle

90
Q

semilunar valves

A

btwn ventricles and main arteries

91
Q

pulmonary sl valve

A

btwn R ventricle and pulmonary artery

92
Q

aortic sl valve

A

btwn L ventricle and aorta

93
Q

blood flow (low O2)

A

low O2 blood from body comes in from the sup and inf vena cava to the right atrium, thru the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, thru pulmonary sl valve, into the pulmonary artery to the lungs

94
Q

blood flow (high O2)

A

high O2 blood comes back from lungs comes in from pulmonary veins to the left atrium, thru bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, thru aortic sl valve, into the aorta to the rest of the body

95
Q

agglutinins

A

specific antibodies produced in response to foreign antigens

96
Q

agglutinogens

A

specific blood antigens, proteins that cause antibodies to respond

97
Q

bile

A

emulsifies saturated fats

98
Q

hemostasis

A

reactions that stop bleeding & minimize blood loss & tissue damage (good clotting)

99
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of all blood cells

100
Q

diaphram

A

produces pressure gradients that cause respiration

101
Q

swaying villi

A

tiny finger-like projections that mix chyme with enzymes and aid in absorption

102
Q

distension

A

able to expand in shape and return due to rugae

103
Q

phagocytes

A

surrounds and engulfs infection

104
Q

Thin section of Nephron loop diffuses

A

Only water

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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