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anatomy and physiology > final exam review > Flashcards

final exam review Flashcards

1
Q

define physiology

A

the study of homeostasis and how the body maintains it

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

an attempt to maintain a constant, steady balance, within and around the body

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3
Q

4 GI tract layers (out to in)

A

serosa
muscular layer
submucosa
mucosa

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4
Q

serosa

A

connective tissue to hold organs together and epithelial tissue to protect against friction and lubricate

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5
Q

muscular layer

A

smooth muscle tissue
2 layers (3 in stomach)

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6
Q

layers of muscular layer

A

circular - mixing
longitudinal - peristalsis
oblique - mixing (stomach)

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7
Q

submucosa

A

lots of blood vessels and nerves

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8
Q

mucosa

A

epithelial tissue, changes thru out tract, cells secrete mucus, enzymes, and hormones

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9
Q

parotid salivary gland

A

ant and inf to ears

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10
Q

submandibular salivary gland

A

below and medial to mandible

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11
Q

sublingual salivary gland

A

ant and under tongue

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12
Q

gross anatomy of stomach

A

cardiac sphincter
fundus
body
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
lesser curve
greater curve w greater omenta

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13
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

covers all organs

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14
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers each organ (serosa)

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15
Q

rugae

A

folds in mucosa that allow for distension

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16
Q

4 gastric glands

A

g cells
chief cells
parietal cells
mucus cells

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17
Q

gastrin

A

hormone from g cell that causes release of all other cells and their products

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18
Q

pepsinogen

A

enzyme released by chief cells in inactive form to break protein bonds

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19
Q

HCl

A

acid produced by parietal cells to kill pathogens

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20
Q

intrinsic factor

A

allows absorption of Vitamin B12

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21
Q

mucus

A

made from mucus cells to protect the stomach lining from acid

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22
Q

duodenum

A

10 in of small int, enzymes and secretions from accessory organs enter here

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23
Q

jejunum

A

8 ft of small int, digestion and absorption

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24
Q

ileum

A

12 ft of small int, absorption, joins large int @ ileocecal valve

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25
small intestine physiology
completion of digestion and majority of absorption
26
cecum
2-3 in pouch of large int, has appendix attch.
27
ascending colon
vertical part of large int on right of liver
28
transverse colon
horizontal part of large int, below liver, above small int
29
descending colon
vertical part of large int, left side of iliac crest
30
sigmoid colon
"S" shaped part of of large int, goes posterior
31
rectum
7-8 in of large int, midline of body, tapered
32
anal canal
last inch of rectum
33
internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle
34
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle, anus
35
teniae coli
replaces longitudinal muscle, form haustra
36
haustra
pouches in large int
37
large int physiology (chem digestion)
NONE, only water and electrolytes absorbed, only mucus produced
38
haustral churning
mech digestion in large int, pouches distend and push poop to next pouch
39
peristalsis (due to teniae coli)
2-3 mass peristaltic waves a day (POOPING)
40
4 lobes of liver
right, left, caudate (post sup), quadrate (post inf)
41
porta
inf area where hepatic artery, portal vein, and duct are
42
liver lobules
functional unit of liver, made up of portal triad
43
portal triad
branch of hepatic artery, portal vein, and duct
44
hepatocytes
liver cells
45
sinusoids
micro spaces for blood btwn hepatocytes
46
central veins
merge into larger veins
47
bile canaliculi
tiny channels that carry bile to hepatic duct
48
kupffer cells
phagocytes that line sinusoids and remove foreign particles from blood
49
main functions of liver
converts substances into usable forms detox alcohol and drugs makes bile
50
basic function of gallbladder
concentrates and stores bile
51
basic function of pancreas (exocrine)
produce and release enzymes into duodenum for digestion
52
basic function of pancreas (endocrine)
produce and release hormones into blood
53
disorder of pancreas
diabetes mellitus
54
upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, larynx
55
lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
56
erythrocytes
adult RBCs, no nucleus, kamikaze O2 transporters
57
reticulocytes
young RBCs with nucleus, lose nuc when mature
58
neutrophils
phagocytes, reach infection first
59
eosinophils
responsible for parasitic infections and allergic reactions
60
basophils
responsible for allergic and antigen responses
61
t-lymphocytes
directly attack infected cells, no antibodies
62
b-lymphocytes
produce antibodies that bind to pathogen
63
monocytes
phagocytes, finish job started by neutrophils, "vacuum cleaner"
64
hemostasis (vasoconstriction)
smooth muscle in vessel walls contracts & restricts blood flow, platelets accumulate and secrete serotonin to prolong contraction
65
hemostasis (platelet plug formation)
collagen in tissue attracts more platelets and they accumulate in the damaged area, blocks the opening in blood vessel
66
hemostasis (coagulation)
prothrombin is in blood, PA is released by platelets and damaged tissue, PA & Ca2+ turn prothrombin --> thrombin which turns fibrinogen --> fibrin which gauzes up on the cut to form good clot
67
hemostasis (final steps)
after clot forms fibrin contracts, fibroblasts migrate to area and form new connective tissue to repair damage, as healing occurs clot is dissolved thru fibroblasts
68
type a blood
rbc: A agglutinogens plasma: anti B agglutinins
69
type b blood
rbc: B agglutinogens plasma: anti A agglutinins
70
type ab blood
rbc: A&B agglutinogens plasma: no agglutinins
71
type o blood
rbc: no agglutinogens plasma: A&B agglutinins
72
pericardium
double layer membrane surrounding heart
73
epicardium
outermost layer, contains blood vessels that nourish heart, connective tissue
74
myocardium
middle layer, responsible for contraction, cardiac muscle tissue
75
endocardium
innermost layer, forms heart valves, smooth connective tissue
76
superior chambers of heart
right and left atrium, receive blood and pump to ventricles
77
auricles of atria
incr volume of blood atria can receive
78
inferior chambers of heart
right and left ventricles, right pumps blood to lungs, left pumps blood to rest of body
79
sulcus
external groove for blood vessels to rest
80
coronary sulcus
external groove separating the atria and the ventricles
81
interventricular sulcus
external groove separating the R&L ventricles
82
septum
wall of tissue for separation
83
interatrial septum
internal wall btwn atria
84
interventricular septum
internal wall btwn ventricles
85
heart valves
prevent backflow of blood
86
atrioventricular valves
btwn atrium and ventricle
87
tricuspid av valve
btwn R atrium and R ventricle
88
bicuspid av valve
btwn L atrium and L ventricle
89
chordae tendineae
connects av valves to papillary muscle in ventricle
90
semilunar valves
btwn ventricles and main arteries
91
pulmonary sl valve
btwn R ventricle and pulmonary artery
92
aortic sl valve
btwn L ventricle and aorta
93
blood flow (low O2)
low O2 blood from body comes in from the sup and inf vena cava to the right atrium, thru the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, thru pulmonary sl valve, into the pulmonary artery to the lungs
94
blood flow (high O2)
high O2 blood comes back from lungs comes in from pulmonary veins to the left atrium, thru bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, thru aortic sl valve, into the aorta to the rest of the body
95
agglutinins
specific antibodies produced in response to foreign antigens
96
agglutinogens
specific blood antigens, proteins that cause antibodies to respond
97
bile
emulsifies saturated fats
98
hemostasis
reactions that stop bleeding & minimize blood loss & tissue damage (good clotting)
99
hematopoiesis
formation of all blood cells
100
diaphram
produces pressure gradients that cause respiration
101
swaying villi
tiny finger-like projections that mix chyme with enzymes and aid in absorption
102
distension
able to expand in shape and return due to rugae
103
phagocytes
surrounds and engulfs infection
104
Thin section of Nephron loop diffuses
Only water

anatomy and physiology (13 decks)

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