a&p lab exam one Flashcards
define cardiac output
total amount of blood pumped per minute
what is the equation for CO
SVxHR
define stroke volume
EDV-ESV
how does increased venous return affect HR, SV, and CO
incr SV, which incr CO
how does exercise affect HR, SV, and CO
increases all
the part of the intrinsic conduction system that initiates and sets the heart rate is the …
SA node
List the parts of the intrinsic conductive system in order of how they reach the electrical signal
SA node –> AV node –> AV bundle –> AV bundle branch –> Purkinjie fibers
a tracing of the electrical activity of the heart is called an …
ECG
what does a P wave reflect
atrial depolarization
what does a QRS complex reflect
ventricular depolarization
what does a T wave reflect
ventricular repolarization
in a normal ECG wave tracing, atrial repolarization is hidden by the
ventricular depolarization
The P wave represents ___ depolarization, which leads to atrial ___.
atrial
systole
how do the waves of depolarization, generated by autorhythmic cells, spread to the muscle cells?
gap junctions
name three channels essential for generating an action potential and indicate which way the ions move
Ca2+ channels into
Na+ channels into
K+ channels out of
if the sodium channel or the calcium channels are open, the inside of the cell would be relatively more …
positive/depolarized
state the voltage-gated channels responsible for the following stagees of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells:
Depolarization
Plateau
Repolarization
Na+ gates
Ca2+ gates
K+ gates
What channels in the autorhythmic cells allow ions to leak in, producing a pacemaker potential?
Na+ channels
Where do you place stethoscope to hear Pulmonary SL valve? (on self)
just below the clavicle and to the left of the sternum
Where do you place stethoscope to hear Aortic SL valve? (on self)
just below the clavicle and to the right of the sternum
Where do you place stethoscope to hear mitral valve? (on self)
just below xiphoid process and to the left
Where do you place stethoscope to hear tricuspid valve?
just over xiphoid process
what causes heart sound 1
closure of the AV valves
what causes heart sound 2
closure of the SL valves
what are the parts of a stethoscope (6)
eartips
binaural
binaural spring
tubing
bell
diaphragm
what is the bell of a stethoscope used for
murmurs and newborns
anterior (ventral)
front of the body
posterior (dorsal)
back of the body
superior (cranial)
toward head end of body
inferior (caudal)
away from head end of body
proximal
nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part of the body
distal
furthest from trunk or the point of origin of a part of the body
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
superficial
closer to external surface of the body
deep
further from the external surface of the body
coronal plane
vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides body into upper and lower parts
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides body into left and right
median plane
sagittal plane through the midline of the body
longitudinal tissue section
hotdog cut
cross tissue section
hamburger cut
oblique tissue section
diagonal cut
dorsal cavity
posterior, contains cranial and spinal cavity
ventral cavity
anterior, contains thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity
abdominal-pelvic quadrants (4)
right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower
right upper quadrant (8)
right lobe of liver
gallbladder
duodenum
head of pancreas
right adrenal gland
right kidney
superior part of ascending colon
right of transverse colon
left upper quadrant (9)
left lobe of liver
spleen
most of stomach
jejunum and proximal ileum
body and tail of pancreas
left adrenal gland
left kidney
superior part of descending colon
left of transverse colon
right lower quadrant (8)
cecum
appendix
most of ileum
inferior part of right uterine tube
right ovary
ascending colon
right ureter
right spermatic cord
left lower quadrant (7)
sigmoid colon
inferior part of descending colon
left ovary
left uterine tube
left ureter
left spermatic cord
abdominal-pelvic regions (9)
top row:
R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac
middle row:
R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar
bottom row:
R iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pubic), L iliac (inguinal)
parts of nervous system
brain
spinal chord
peripheral nerves
parts of respiratory system
nasal passage
trachea
lungs
parts of circulatory system
heart
blood vessels
parts of digestive system
stomach
liver
gall bladder
large intestine
small intestine
parts of excretory system
kidneys
urinary bladder
parts of muscular system
skeletal muscles
tendons
parts of skeletal system
cartilage
bones
joints
parts of integumentary system
hair
skin
nails
parts of immune system
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic vessels
parts of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
testes
ovaries
parts of reproductive system
male: epididymis and testes
female: mammary glands, ovaries, and uterus
frons
forehead or frontal
oculus
eye (orbital or ocular)
cranium
skull or cranial
bucca
cheek or buccal
facies
face or facial
auris
ear or otic
nasus
nose or nasal
cervicis
neck or cervical
oris
mouth or oral
mentis
chin or mental
axilla
armpit or axillary
brachium
arm or brachial
antecubitis
front of elbow or antecubital
antebrachium
forearm or antebrachial
carpus
wrist or carpal
pollex
thumb
palma
palm or palmar
digits (phalanges)
fingers or toes
patella
kneecap
crus
leg or crural
tarsus
ankle or tarsal
pes
foot or pedal
thorcis or thorax
chest or thoracic
mamma
breast or mammary
umbilicus
navel or umbilical
hip
coxal
pelvis
pelvic
inguen
groin or inguinal
pubis
pubic
femur
thigh or femoral
acromial
shoulder
cephalon
head or cephalic
dorsum
back
olecranon
back of elbow
lumbus
loin or lumbar
manus
hand or manual
gluteus
butt
popliteus
back of knee
sura
calf or sural
calcaneus
heel of foot
planta
sole of foot
intermediate
between a more medial and lore lateral structure
parietal
pertaining to the wall of a body cavity
visceral
pertaining to the covering of an organ
ipsilateral
on the same side of body
contralateral
on the opposite side of body
hallux
big toe
