Final Exam review

Question 1

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 1

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of five tiers, and three levels of needs, and you have to fulfill your bottom needs first to be able to reach the top ones. At the bottom are our basic needs which are comprised of two tiers: the first being our physiological needs which include food, water, warmth, and rest; after we meet our physiological needs, we can then go on to reach our safety needs involving security and protection. The second level of our needs are our psychological needs, and the third tier in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are the belongingness and love needs meaning intimate relationships, and friends we require to function. Next are our esteem needs, and these involve feelings of prestige and power. Last but not the least, at the top of the pyramid we have our self-fulfillment needs, and these are made up of self-actualization as well as creative activities.

Question 2

Could you explain on an exam residual and institutional perspectives of social welfare?

Answer 2

In a residual approach, the government comes in to help individuals when an individual’s family, government, or the economy is unable to give assistance. A safety net is involved in a residual approach and is only there on an as needed basis. It is only given to people who require it.

As far as an institutional approach is concerned, this sort of help is given to all people and not simply those who need it. Examples of institutional approaches are social security and public education.

Question 3

Can you explain horizontal or vertical equity?

Answer 3

Horizontal equity states that all people should give the same amount in taxes. Horizontal equity further claims that all should be treated the same. In other words, all people must have equal opportunities to compete, and start from the same place.

Vertical equity on the other hand states that people who earn more should pay more through taxes. Also, we need to bring people up to the same level.

Question 4

What was the first act looking at children in the criminal system?

Answer 4

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974

Question 5

T or f? We still know that minority children– particularly, black and Hispanic children– are really overrepresented in adult prisons and in juvenile correction facilities. They’re also more likely to be held for nonviolent crimes, such as using marijuana or burglary– something that was not violent– and more likely to be arrested. Another issue that we know that impacts all of these children is that there’s a lack of mental health treatment.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

T or f? In European countries work is viewed as a means to an end.

Answer 6

T

Question 7

What are the three levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)?

Answer 7

Basic
Psychological
Self-fulfillment

“Burgers play selfies”

Question 8

What are the five tiers in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 8

Physiological
Safety
Belongingness and love
Esteem
Self actualization

Penguins safely belong early soup

Question 9

Is the following T or f? “Research indicates that approximately 95 percent of adult smokers begin smoking before they turn 21,” Ohio Governor Mike Dewine said “increasing age to 21 will decrease chances of young people smoking and becoming regular smokers.”

Answer 9

T

Question 10

Describe Unemployment Insurance

Answer 10

• To gather advantages through Unemployment insurances, have to be prepared, and able to work
• In order to be eligible for UI, you have to have been employed for a certain amount of time, and have a salary
• In the state of New York workers pay taxes funding the UI

Question 11

What is head start?

Answer 11

• Head Start (*)

- An education program for children

Question 12

What are Job corps?

Answer 12

• program for drop outs
• administered by the United States Department of Labor that offers free education and vocational training to young men and women ages 16 to 24

Question 13

What was the Elder Justice act?

Answer 13

-intended to prevent neglect, abuse, and violence against older adults (mental, physical, and sexual abuse)

Question 14

What was the VA mission act?

Answer 14

-For veterans

Question 15

What is the Wisconsin Hope law?

Answer 15

-This bill requires a prescription to obtain certain Schedule V medications, like codeine cough syrups and will help ensure these potentially dangerous medications are less accessible to those looking to misuse/abuse them.

Question 16

What is medicare?

Answer 16

-Gives healthcare to older adults over the age of 65+

Question 17

What is medicaid?

Answer 17

-gives healthcare to all people

Question 18

What is the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH)?

Answer 18

–signed into law in 2009 reauthorizes the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (authorizes federal education for homeless children and youth)

Question 19

What was WIC

Answer 19

• Established as pilot program in 1972, made permanent in 1974, administered at federal level by Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Formerly known as the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, WIC’s name was changed under the Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Act of 1994, in order to emphasize its role as a nutrition program.
• provided vouchers that participants use at authorized food stores.
• A wide variety of state and local organizations cooperate in providing the food and health care benefits, and 46,000 merchants nationwide accept WIC vouchers.
• effective in improving the health of pregnant women, new mothers, and their infants.
• 1990 study showed women who participated in program during pregnancies had lower Medicaid costs for themselves and babies than did women who did not participate
• WIC participation linked w/ longer gestation periods, higher birthweights and lower infant mortality.

Question 20

What did the Lilly Ledbetter fair pay act address?

Answer 20

• The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act addressed wage discrimination on the basis of age, religion, national origin, race, sex, and disability. This act supplanted a Supreme Court ruling that wage discrimination cases must be filed within 180 days of the start of the discrimination.
• The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 is a federal statute in the United States that was the first bill signed into law by US President Barack Obama on January 29, 2009
• An earlier bill seeking to supersede the Ledbetter decision, also called the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, was first introduced in the 110th United States Congress, but was not successfully enacted at that time, as it was passed by the House but failed in the Senate.

Question 21

What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ?

Answer 21

• Most important law linking National and state government in regard to voting during the Reconstruction period after the Civil War
• Courts immediately changed the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Question 22

What is the legal services corporation?

Answer 22

-LSC is publicly funded, 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation established by the United States Congress, seeks to ensure equal access to justice under the law for all Americans by providing funding for civil legal aid to those who otherwise would be unable to afford it.

Question 23

Describe the social security act passed in 1964…

Answer 23

Principle of financing certain benefit payments. When the program was amended in 1939 to extend its protection to the family–rather than just to the individual worker–the insurance principle was maintained.

We think we should maintain that principle as we broaden the scope of the Social Security Act to cover risks that are not covered today. That way the worker pays–to a large extent–for what he and his family receive in benefits

Question 24

What is the policy to eliminate cash bail?

Answer 24

-The New Jersey Criminal Justice Reform Act took effect January 1, 2017, essentially eliminating money bail in the state. The new system begins with the assumption that innocent people should not be in jail. People can be held only if their release poses an unacceptable flight risk or poses a danger to their community.

Question 25

What is the family and medical leave act?

Answer 25

• The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.
• The FMLA was a major part of President Bill Clinton’s first-term domestic agenda, and he signed it into law on February 5, 1993. The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.
• The FMLA allows eligible employees to take up to 12 work weeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period to care for a new child, care for a seriously ill family member, or recover from a serious illness. The FMLA covers both public- and private-sector employees, but certain categories of employees, including elected officials and highly compensated employees, are excluded from the law or face certain limitations. In order to be eligible for FMLA leave, an employee must have worked for the employer for at least 12 months, have worked at least 1,250 hours over the past 12 months, and work for an employer with at least 50 employees within a 75-mile radius. Several states have passed laws providing additional family and medical leave protections for workers.

Question 26

What is workers’ compensation, 1908?

Answer 26

Policy goal: to protect workers against effects of occupational injuries and to compensate families of injured or killed at work
Benefits: cash and medical assistance
Eligibility: workers must be injured or killed on job in accidents unrelated to own intoxication, gross negligence, or willful misconduct
Service delivery: States organize programs under federal legislation. Insurance companies receive claims and award benefits
Financing: Employers purchase policies from insurance companies

Question 27

What is unemployment insurance, 1935?

Answer 27

Policy goals: provide income to meet basic needs for workers who have lost jobs and to stabilize economy by encouraging spending
Benefits: In most states, cash help for up to 26 weeks
Eligibility: Workers must be unemployed due to no fault of their own and must meet requirements of wages earned and weeks worked in the past year. They also must actively seek work.
Service delivery system: State agencies determine eligibility; and claimed are filed weekly or biweekly
Financing: Funded primarily by taxes on employers

Question 28

What is Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI), 1935?

Answer 28

Policy goals: protect workers and their families from loss of income due to retirement, disability, and death
Benefits/services provided: monthly payments
Eligibility rules: Determined by age, disability, or death; payment of payroll taxes; satisfaction of work credit requirements
Service delivery system: Social Security administration offices determine eligibility and send funds by check via U.S. mail or by electronic bank transfer
Financing: Payroll taxes (insurance premiums) paid by employees and employers
-Universal program

Question 29

What is the voting rights act of 1965?

Answer 29

Policy goals: Enforce 15th amendment to Constitution, granting all citizens an equal opportunity to vote
Benefits: protection against use of literacy tests of other requirements denying, reducing voting rights
Eligibility: all citizens can vote regardless of race
Service delivery system: Federal examiners register voters and approve election practices before their use. The U.S. attorney general is directed to enforce law and challenge discriminatory practices.
Financing: Federal general revenue funds enforcement
pg. 235

Question 30

What is the Civil Rights Act of 1965?

Answer 30

Policy goals: remove barriers to voter registration, end discrimination in public accommodations and programs receiving federal assistance, encourage school desegregation and establish the Equal Employment Commission to oversee anti-discrimination efforts in the workplace
Benefits: Enforcement of right to register to vote; right to use public accommodations like hotels, restaurants, theaters; desegregation of schools; and right to obtain employment
Eligibility rules: All people are eligible regardless of race, color, religion, or national origin. Employment protection also covers discrimination based on sex
Service delivery system: Mandated that places of public accommodation remove barriers by desegregating. The U.S. attorney general is authorized to file suits to enforce rights.
Financing: federal general revenue is used to fund enforcement

Question 31

What is the education for all handicapped children act of 1975?

Answer 31

Policy goals: to provide free and appropriate public education to all children
Benefits or services provided: Special education and related services. Creation and use of an individualized Education Plan (IEP) for each eligible child. Education in least restrictive environment.
Eligibility rules: Children aged 3-21 with disabilities
Service delivery system: Public schools provide appropriate education, multidisciplinary teams within the public schools prepare IEPs incorporating family and student input
Financing: Federal funding is provided to states to encourage public education of children with disabilities

Question 32

What is the American with Disabilities Act of 1990?

Answer 32

Policy goals: eradicate discrimination directed toward people with disabilities, increase employment opportunities and access
Benefits or services: Protect right to equal opportunity in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications
Eligibility rules: People with a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more major life activities
Service delivery system: Businesses and employers make and pay for reasonable accommodation. Department of Justice negotiates, mediates, and files suit in cases of discrimination unless they are employment related, in which case, in which case the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission handles the complaint
Financing: Federal general revenue

Question 33

What is the 2005 Re authorization of the Violence against Women?

Answer 33

Goals: fund services for sexual assault victims and screening for exposure to domestic violence and increase enforcement of protections for immigrant victims of violence
To create a health care initiative that trains professionals and medical students to recognize domestic violence
Benefits/services: provide services to people who have been victims of violent crimes
Eligibility rules: Person must be a victim of a violent crime
Service delivery system/financing: The U.S. Department of Justice oversees implementation. State and local agencies are responsible for granting services
Financing: Funded by federal grants

Question 34

What is the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009?

Answer 34

Policy goals: Ensure victims of pay discrimination have opportunity to file a claim for legal recourse
Benefits: Guarantees and enforces the right to equal pay; no statute of limitations applies, since each paycheck restarts the option for individuals to file a lawsuit
Eligibility rules: A person must demonstrate discrimination based on Title VII in regard to being paid less than other employees
Service delivery system: Requires the requirement for equal pay in the workforce. The U.S. attorney general is authorized to file lawsuits to enforce rights.
Financing: Federal general revenue funds enforcement

Question 35

What is The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009?

Answer 35

Goals: Classify acts based on sexual orientation, gender, gender, identity, or disability a federal hate crime; to give federal authorities greater authority to investigate hate crimes; broaden scope of crimes falling under hate crime protections
Benefits or services: provides federal assistance for the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes committed against people because of their gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. Grants are available to law enforcement agencies that have incurred extraordinary expenses associated with the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes.
Eligibility rules: Must be a victim of a hate crime, as defined in federal statute

Question 36

What is true regarding foster care?

Answer 36

• Young people who leave foster care at age 18 are often ill-prepared to live on their own.
• To assist them, states can use federal funds to extend foster care to age 21.
• States can also allow these young people to practice living independently, such as in a private apartment with monthly check-ins with a case worker

Question 37

What is the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 1974?

Answer 37

Program goals: To provide income assistance to the aged, blind, and people with disabilities who have limited income and assets.
Benefits or services provided: Monthly cash benefit
Eligibility rules: Means-tested; must be 65 or older, blind, or disabled.
Service delivery system: Social Security Administration offices administer SSI. Funds are sent by check by U.S. mail or Electronic Bank Transfer (EBT)
Financing: General federal tax revenue

Question 38

What is General Assistance (G), 1935)?

Answer 38

Program goals: To help low income people who are ineligible for awaiting approval for federal assistance programs meet their survival needs
Benefits or services provided: Temporary or long-term cash and/or in-kind assistance
Eligibility rules: Means-tested. Eligibility varies but usually is reserved for people with very little or no income. Some states specifically restrict GA to “unemployable” people with disabilities
Service delivery system: States, countries, and localities determine eligibility and provide cash, in-kind-assistance, or both
Financing: Funded entirely by the states, counties, and localities that administer the program, although these entities may apply some federal funding to this purpose

Question 39

What is Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 1975?

Answer 39

Program goals: To decrease the impact of payroll taxes on low-income families with children, encourage people to enter the workforce, and increase work effort.
Benefits/Services provided: Tax credit of up to $6,431 in 2018. Beneficiaries may use credit to reduce federal taxes owed or opt to receive a cash fund.
Eligibility rules: In 2018, recipients with three or more qualifying children had to earn income below $49,194 ($54,884 for married, filing jointly); income limits for families with fewer children are lower, and tax filers with no child had to earn less than $15,270 ($20, 950 for married, filing jointly). Note that unemployment insurance does not count as earned income but may impact the amount of EITC.
Service delivery system: Recipients must file tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service, which administers the program.
Financing: Decreases the amount of tax revenue the federal government collects

Question 40

What is the Multi-Ethnic Placement Act (MEPA), 1994?

Answer 40

To remove barriers to permanency by eliminating discrimination based on race, color, national origin of the child or the prospective parent, and by reducing the waiting time for adoption
Guidelines established for placement of children with prospective parents and recruitment and retention of adoptive and foster parents
All children in foster care awaiting adoption except those covered under Indian Child Welfare Act
State and local child protection agencies follow guidelines that accompany federal funding
Federal funds given to states

Question 41

What is the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), 1997?

Answer 41

Policy goals: Emphasize child safety to promote and accelerate permanency for children in foster care
Increase accountability of child welfare system
Benefits or services provided: Accelerates permanent placement by promoting adoption and shortening time limits for termination of parental rights
Eligibility requirements: Children are eligible when they are removed from their homes
Service delivery system: Federal oversight of state and local child welfare agencies that implemented mandated changes
Court system decides the best interests of the child, with recommendations from social workers and other professional who provide case management and therapeutic services
Financing: Federal funding with some state matching funds
Federal incentives given to states that increase adoptions

Question 42

What is the Family First Prevent Services Act (FFPSA), 2018)?

Answer 42

Goal: To prevent children from entering foster care by allowing federal reimbursement for prevention services such as mental health care, addiction treatment, and in-home parenting intervention
Benefits or services: Allows funding previously restricted to foster care to be used for prevention services
Eligibility rules: Families are eligible when their children are identified by a state, territory, or tribal entity as “candidates for foster care.”
Service delivery system: States and other entities provide prevention services and/or contract with private agencies to provide them. Regulations restricting operation of group homes accompanied by financial incentives governing reimbursable services.
Financing: Federal funding, through Title IV-E and Title IV-B of the Social Security Act

Question 43

What is the Needle-Exchange Program?

Answer 43

-A needle and syringe programmes, also known as needle exchange program, is a social service that allows injecting drug users to obtain hypodermic needles and associated paraphernalia at little or no cost
-People who inject drugs face a greater risk for contracting HIV and hepatitis C. In fact, research shows that 1 in 23 women and 1 in 36 men who use drugs intravenously will contract HIV at some point during their lifetimes.2
-Needle exchange programs can also help get users into treatment and help prevent overdoses through education and teaching users how to respond to an overdose.
-Needle exchange programs can offer comprehensive care and facilitate safer methods of drug use. Their services include: Providing sterile needles and other injection equipment, Safe and secure disposal containers for needles, Disease testing and referrals for medical treatment, Education about overdose awareness and prevention and safer injection practices, Referrals for substance use disorder treatment and medication-assisted treatment, Counseling services, and Basic health services (providing vaccinations, giving out condoms)
-It’s free, some combine a fixed-site with a mobile outreach unit
-programs vary in the type of needles provided and the types of services
-some programs use the one-on-one approach- trading in one needle for another one
Research shows that providing needles on an as-needed basis (as opposed to the one-to-one strategy) has higher efficacy rates. Limiting one’s needle availability creates the risk of sharing needles.

Question 44

What is the vaccination policy in the United States

Answer 44

Vaccination policy in the United States is the subset of U.S. health policy that deals with immunization against infectious disease. It is decided at various levels of the government, including the individual states. This policy has been developed over the approximately two centuries since the invention of vaccination with the purpose of eradicating disease from the U.S. population, or creating a herd immunity. Policies intended to encourage vaccination impact numerous areas of law, including regulation of vaccine safety, funding of vaccination programs, vaccine mandates, adverse event reporting requirements, and compensation for injuries asserted to be associated with vaccination

Question 45

What is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

Answer 45

Policy goals: To supplement households’ food budgets
To support U.S. agricultural production through the subsidy of food consumption
Electronic Benefit Transfer
Benefits or services provided
Eligibility Rues: Adjusted monthly income less than 130 percent of federal poverty guidelines
Participation in required work activities unless exempt or waives
Ownership of less than $2,250 in assets unless state eliminated asset test
Service Delivery System: Benefits transferred to card that can be used to purchase allowable food items at approved retailers including most grocery stores, as well as many convenience stores and farmers markets
Financing: General tax revenues

Question 46

What is Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 1996?

Answer 46

Policy goals: To promote families by helping parents care for children in own home, support 2-parent families and discouraging out-of-wedlock pregnancies; reduce poor families’ dependence on government aid by focusing on work and marriage
Benefits or services: monthly case help; services to promote work and reduce dependency
Eligibility rules: Means-tested; families must meet work requirements and not exceed state time limits
Service delivery system: State welfare agencies determine eligibility and administer payments to eligible families
Financing: Federal block grant to each state. States are required to contribute additional funding.