final exam prep Flashcards
Describe the criteria for diagnosing Conduct Disorder (CD) as outlined in the DSM.
To be diagnosed with conduct disorder an individual must present a pattern of angry/irritable moods, argumentative behaviours or vindictiveness that lasts at least 6 months. The disturbance i the behaviour is associated with distress in the individual or others and it negatively impacts their social, educational and occupational areas of life. As well, these behaviours do no occur exclusively due to a depressive, substance use, or bipolar disorder.
What is the definition of conduct problems, and how do they vary in severity?
Conduct problems are age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, personal property rights of others. They vary in severity, such that mild cases means symptoms only happen in one setting, moderate some symptoms are present in at least two settings or severe some symptoms are present in three or more settings.
Compare and contrast Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) in terms of symptoms and severity.
ODD:
-ODD is primarily characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behaviors.
-ODD is generally considered less severe than CD. The behaviors associated with ODD are disruptive but don’t typically include aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, or deceitfulness.
CD:
-CD involves a more serious pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others and societal norms.
-CD is considered more severe and concerning than ODD. The behaviors associated with CD are more aggressive and harmful, potentially leading to legal issues and significant disruption in various life domains, including school, family, and social relationships
Commonality: Both disorders involve disruptive behaviors and can significantly impact a child’s ability to function effectively in social, educational, and family settings.
Differences in Severity and Symptomatology: The key difference lies in the severity and nature of the behaviors. ODD is characterized by defiant and argumentative behaviors without serious violations of societal norms, whereas CD includes more severe antisocial behaviors that can infringe on the rights and safety of others.
Developmental Trajectory: There is often a developmental trajectory from ODD to CD, where a child initially exhibits symptoms of ODD which then escalate into the more severe behaviors characteristic of CD.
List and explain the primary risk factors associated with the development of Conduct Disorder.
-genetic influences, if it runs in families likely to have it
-neurobiological factors, overactive behavioural approach system and under-active behavioural inhibition system and structural abnormalities in amgydala, prefrontal cortex
-prenatal factors and birth complications such as low birth weight, malnutrition during pregancy, maternal use of drugs/alcohol
-family factors such as parents displaying antisocial traits, harsh parenting, neglect/poor monitoring
What are some effective treatment approaches for managing conduct disorders in children and adolescents?
Paths–promoting alternative thinking strategies
fast track program
Describe the typical developmental course of conduct problems from childhood to adulthood.
Preschool: difficult temperament, hyperactivity, overt conduct problems aggressiveness and oppositionality.
Elementary school: withdrawal, poor peer relationships, academic problems
adolescence: covert or concealing conduct problems, association with deviant peers, delinquency
then could either develop into life course persistent path where these issues persist into adulthood, or stay adolescent limited path way where it ends in young adulthood.
Discuss the neurobiological factors that have been implicated in the development of conduct disorders.
Behavioural approach system stimulates behaviours in situations of reward to avoid punishment and behavioural inhibition system explains our tendency to freeze and feel anxiety when we perceive danger. People with conduct disorders often have an overactive BAS and an under-active BIS. People with conduct disorders also tend to have abnormalities in the amgydala and prefrontal cortex.
There also are variations in stress-regulating mechanisms and lower arousal and autonomic reactivity that may cause an individual to have a lower response to warnings and reprimands, poor response to punishment and fearlessness and reward seeking behaviour.
How do family dynamics and environmental factors contribute to the development and maintenance of conduct disorders?
Parental psychopathology (presense of antisocial traits) can have impact a child directly through genes and indirectly through family conflict, stress, poor parenting. Ineffective parenting practices such as harsh parenting and neglect with poor monitoring can have an impact.
studies found that mothers of children with antisocial problems tend to be less likely to enforce demands, which reinforces the childs negative attitude. Parent-child interactions provide a training ground for the development of antisocial behaviour.
Explain the observed gender differences in the prevalence and manifestation of conduct problems.
Male adults with conduct problems are more likely to engage in criminal behaviours, face work problems and abuse substances.
Female adults tend to experience depression, commit suicide and have health problems.
Girls engage in more indirect/relational aggression such as gossip whereas boys engage in more physical aggression.
during childhood, rates of conduct problems are about 2-4x higher in boys and have an earlier age of onset and greater persistence.
Boys display more aggression and theft where girls display more sexual misbehaviour
Definition of Conduct Disorder:
A) A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior violating societal norms or the basic rights of others.
B) A mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness.
C) A learning disability affecting reading and comprehension skills.
D) A developmental disorder marked by difficulties in social interaction.
A) A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior violating societal norms or the basic rights of others.
Main Symptoms of Conduct Disorder Include:
A) Excessive worry and fear about everyday situations.
B) Difficulty paying attention and hyperactivity.
C) Aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, or theft.
D) Social withdrawal and lack of interest in activities previously enjoyed.
C) Aggression towards people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, or theft.
One of the Risk Factors for Conduct Disorder is:
A) High socioeconomic status and stable family environment.
B) Genetic predisposition and family history of mental health disorders.
C) Strict parenting and high academic achievement.
D) Lack of interest in sports and extracurricular activities.
B) Genetic predisposition and family history of mental health disorders.
A Key Difference Between Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) is:
A) ODD involves more severe behavioral problems than CD.
B) CD is typically diagnosed in adulthood, whereas ODD is diagnosed in childhood.
C) ODD is characterized by defiant and disobedient behavior towards authority figures, while CD includes more serious violations of social norms.
D) CD is a learning disability, whereas ODD is a behavioral disorder.
C) ODD is characterized by defiant and disobedient behavior towards authority figures, while CD includes more serious violations of social norms.
Effective Treatments for Conduct Disorder May Include:
A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
B) Physical exercise regimen.
C) Dietary changes.
D) Increased academic workload.
A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The Developmental Course of Conduct Problems Can Lead to:
A) Enhanced social skills and improved academic performance.
B) Increased risk of substance abuse and involvement in the criminal justice system.
C) Improved mental health and emotional regulation.
D) Enhanced artistic and creative abilities.
B) Increased risk of substance abuse and involvement in the criminal justice system.
