ch #10 mood disorders textbook

Question 1

dysphoria

Answer 1

A negative mood state characterized by prolonged bouts of sadness.

Question 2

anhedonia

Answer 2

A negative mood state characterized by a lack of enjoyment in anything one does and a loss of interest in nearly all activities.

Question 3

major depressive disorder

Answer 3

A form of depressive disorder characterized by five or more mood, cognitive (e.g., indecisiveness, inability to think or concentrate), psychomotor (e.g., agitation or retardation), or somatic (e.g., weight loss, sleep disturbances) symptoms that have been present during the same 2-week period; at least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, or markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day.

Question 4

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 4

A depressive disorder associated with depressed or irritable mood; generally fewer, less severe, but longer-lasting symptoms (a year or more in children) than seen in major depressive disorder (MDD); and significant impairment in functioning.

Question 5

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 5

A DSM-5 depressive disorder characterized by: (1) frequent and severe temper outbursts that are extreme over-reactions to the situation or provocation; and (2) chronic, persistently irritable or angry mood that is present between the severe temper outbursts.

Question 6

what is the common characteristic in depressive disorders?

Answer 6

presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with somatic and cognitive symptoms that interfere with the individual’s functioning.

Question 7

double depression

Answer 7

An instance in which a major depressive episode is superimposed on the individual’s previous persistent depressive disorder, causing the individual to present with both disorders.

Question 8

depressive ruminative style

Answer 8

A style of thinking displayed by depressed individuals; it is characterized by a narrow and passive focus on negative events for long periods of time.

Question 9

corumination

Answer 9

A negative form of self-disclosure and discussion between peers focused narrowly on problems or emotions to the exclusion of other activities or dialogue.

Question 10

psychodynamic theory of depression

Answer 10

Actual or symbolic loss of love object (e.g., caregiver) that is loved ambivalently; anger toward love object turned inward; excessive severity of the superego; loss of self-esteem

Question 11

attachment theories of depression

Answer 11

Insecure early attachments; distorted internal working models of self and others

Question 12

behavioural theories of depression

Answer 12

Lack or loss of reinforcement or quality of reinforcement; deficits in skills needed to obtain reinforcement

Question 13

cognitive theories of depression

Answer 13

Depressive mindset; distorted or maladaptive cognitive structures, processes, and products; negative view of self, world, and future; poor problem-solving ability; hopelessness

Question 14

self control theory of depression

Answer 14

Problems in organizing behavior toward long-term goals; deficits in self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement

Question 15

interpersonal theory of depression

Answer 15

Impaired interpersonal functioning related to grief over loss; role dispute and conflict; role transition; interpersonal deficit; single parenting; social withdrawal; interaction between mood and interpersonal events

Question 16

socio-environmental theories of depression

Answer 16

Stressful life circumstances and daily hassles as vulnerability factors; social support, coping, and appraisal as protective factors

Question 17

neurobiological theories of depression

Answer 17

Neurochemical and receptor abnormalities; neurophysiological abnormalities; neuroendocrine abnormalities; genetic variants; abnormalities in brain structure and function; effects of early experience on the developing brain

Question 18

depressogenic conditions

Answer 18

The negative perceptual and attributional styles and beliefs associated with depressive symptoms.

Question 19

hopelessness theory

Answer 19

The view that depression-prone individuals make internal, stable, and global attributions to explain the causes of negative events and external, unstable, and specific attributions about positive events. This attributional style results in the individual taking personal blame for negative events in his or her life and leads to helplessness, avoidance, and hopelessness about the future, which promotes further depression.

Question 20

negative cognitive triad

Answer 20

Negative views about oneself, the world, and the future that are characteristic of youngsters with depression. These views maintain feelings of helplessness, undermine the child’s mood and energy level, and are related to the severity of depression.

-negative views about oneself
-negative views about the world
-negative views about the future

Question 21

negative cognitive schemeta

Answer 21

Stable structures in memory, including self-critical beliefs and attitudes, that guide information processing in a way that is consistent with the negative self-image of the subject. These cognitive schemata are rigid and resistant to change even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Question 22

diathesis–stress model of depression

Answer 22

A theory of depression proposing that the impact of stress is moderated by individual risk factors and that the occurrence of depression depends on the interaction between the subject’s personal vulnerability and life stress.