Final Exam Patho Ppt Flashcards
What degenerative disorder of the CNS is caused by the death of neurons that produce dopamine?
Parkinson’s disease
What disease has symptoms of tremors, flat affect, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability
Parkinson’s disease
What are extrapyramidal symptoms of Parkinsonism
Acute dystonias
Akathisia
Tar-dive dyskinesia
What drug is levodopa and its side effects
Anti Parkinson drug
Dopamine precursor; dopamine enhancing drug combination restoring dopamine in extrapyramidal areas of brain.
Side effects
Uncontrolled, purposeless movements
Nausea and vomiting
Orthostatic hypotension
Muscle twitches
What drug is Benztropine and its side effects
Antiparkinson
Centrally acting cholinergic receptor blocker
Side effects
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Tachycardia
Urinary retention
Constipation
What drug is donepezil (aricept) administered alert and side effects
It is a cholinesterase inhibitor.
Used for Alzheimer’s disease
Administer at bedtime
Side effects
Bradycardia
Diarrhea
Dizziness/syncope
Hepatotoxic and neohrotoxic
What drug is Glatiramer (copaxone) its side effects
It is a synthetic protein decreasing the body’s attack of the myelin. Used for relapsing forms of MS
Side effects
Flushing
Chest pain
Weakness
Infection
What is the drug cyclobenzaprine and its side effects
Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
Not effective in cases of Cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury
Side effect
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Blurred vision
Dry mouth
Rash
Tachycardia
What is drug dantrolene sodium, uses and side effects
Skeletal muscle relaxer and calcium release blocker used for malignant hyperthermia
Useful for muscle spasms associated with CP or CNS injury
Side effects
Can cause liver damage/hepatitis
Drowsiness
Dizziness
What is drug RimabotulinumtoxinB (myobloc)
The only botulism toxin type b drug used specifically for cervical dystonia.
What is the antidote to cyclobenzaprine overdose
Physostigmine
Non depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs do what
Compete with acetylcholine for the receptor- causing the muscle to be relaxed as long as it is in the receptor.
What are adverse effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and name an example of one
Adverse effects:
Persistent paralysis in some patients, elevated blood levels of potassium, malignant hyperthermia, and post operative muscle pain.
Example : succinylcholine used for very short duration during intubation.
What is the drug Rocuronium used for and side effects
It is a nondepolarizing blocker
Used during short procedures and intubation
Side effects:
Muscle relaxation- including respiratory muscles
Neostigmine reverses Rocuronium effects
What do the drugs Estradiol and Norethindrone used for and the side effects
Oral contraceptives.
Side effects:
Nausea
Breast tenderness
HA
Break through bleeds
Black box warning:
Cigarette smoking increases risk of serious cardiovascular adverse effects with estrogen.
What are examples of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs)
Depot injection
Vaginal ring
IUD
What drug is evonorgestrel (planb, plan b step one) administration alerts and side effects
Prevents implantation If used within 72 hrs (plan b) or 120 hrs (plan b step one) of intercourse
Side effects
Nausea and vomiting
HA
Heavy menstrual bleeds
What are conjugated estrogens and what are they used for
Cenestin, Enjuva, Premarin
Estrogen hormone replacement therapy used for palliative treatment of prostate cancer and certain breast cancers
What is black cohosh used for
To manage menopausal symptoms
Medroxyprogesterone( depo-provera) is used for what and what side effects
It’s a progestin used for dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Can be used to prevent pregnancy also. PO or IM
Side effects
Increased risk of blood clots
Weight gain
Depression
What are oxytocic drugs
They stimulate uterine contractions to promote induction of labor
What are tocolytic drugs
They inhibit uterine contractions during premature labor
What are side effects of the drug oxytocin
Side effects:
Rapid, painful uterine contractions
Fetal tachycardia can lead to uterine rupture (greater risk for those who have previously received oxytocin)
This drug is Iv infusion used to stimulate uterine contractions
What are the diagnostic “rules” to be considered infertile
Not able to conceive after at least one year of trying
What drug is clomiphene (clinic, serophene)
Traditional drug for female infertility
Stimulates the release of LH, resulting in maturation of more ovarian follicles than would normally occur.
High pregnancy rate and increased chance of multiples
What is hypogonadism and its symptoms
It is caused by lack of testosterone, can be congenital or acquired later
Symptoms:
Sparse hair
Increased body fat
Small testes
ED
Low sperm count
What are side effects of testosterone patch or IM injections
Edema
Liver damage
Acne
Skin irritation
Increased risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulants
What diseases can cause ED
Atherosclerosis, diabetes, CKD, stroke, HTN
Also smoking and depression
What is the drug Sildenafil (viagra), admin alerts, and side effects
It’s used for ED. Relaxes the smooth muscles in the corpora cavernosa.
Decreased absorption if taken with meals (high fat especially)
Side effects
Hypotension. No nitrates!!! Avoid grapefruit juice
What is the drug Tadalafil (cialis)
Used for ED.
Works in 30 min
Prolonged duration of 24-36 hours
Can be used for pulmonary hypertension and daily dosing for BPH
What is the drug Doxazosin used for and side effects
It is an alpha 1 adrenergic blocker
Used in bph
Can cause hypotension so monitor bp
Vasodilation of arteries and veins and relaxes smooth muscle around prostate
What is the drug Finesteride and side effects
It is used for BPH
Promotes shrinking of enlarged prostates and restores urinary function
Can cause decreased libido
what is the difference between clonic and tonic muscle spasms
tonic= single prolonged contraction.
clonic = multiple rapidly repeating muscle contractions.
What is Glatiramer used for
Relapsing forms of MS
What antiparkinsons drug is a dopamine precursor and dopamine enhancing combo
Levodopa carbidopa
What herbal supplement may worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s
Kava kava
Which antiparkinsons drug is a centrally acting cholinergic receptor blocker?
Benztropine
It is used to suppress tremors but not effective at relieving tardive dyskinesia
Contraindications for Benztropine
Narrow angle glaucoma
Myasthenia gravis
Severe constipation
Blockage of urinary tract
Enlarged prostate
Liver disease
What class of drug are used for Alzheimer’s
Cholinesterase inhibitors
(Donepezil)
What class of drug are used for Alzheimer’s
Cholinesterase inhibitors
(Donepezil)
