Final Exam Part 1 Flashcards
drugs and other physical interventions, that target the biological processes underlying the disorders. Goal: Reduce symptoms.
Biomedical therapy:
talk therapy. Working with a therapist to reduce psychological symptoms and improve quality of life.
Psychotherapy:
type of psychotherapy. Aimed to increase patient awareness of self and the environment.
Insight therapies
type therapy that focuses on behavioral changes
Behavior therapies:
two or more therapies. Multiple theories and approaches to tailor treatment for the client.
Eclectic approach to therapy
making decisions about treatment, that integrate valuable research findings, clinical expertise, and knowledge about a patient’s culture and preferences.
Evidence-based practice:
obvious part of the dream, true part of the dream. Overt material of the dream
Manifest content
the symbolic meaning of the unconscious.
Latent content
therapy technique where a patient says anything that comes to mind.
Free association
a patient’s unwillingness to cooperate in therapy. It’s a sign of unconscious conflict.
Resistance
type of resistance; when a patient reacts to a therapist, as if dealing with parents or authority figures of childhood.
Transference
our inferences about our unconscious conflicts based on his techniques used to explore the unconscious
Interpretation
based on case studies. Lots of things don’t hold up.
appraisal of psychoanalysis
Insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humans.
Humanistic Therapy
Carl Rogers (client centered therapy)
Person-centered therapy
best way to have a therapeutic bond with their patient.
Appraisal of Humanistic therapy
use the elements of learning. (Classical. Operant, observational)
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
brings a person in contact with a feared object or situation, while in a safe environment. Goal: eliminate the response.
Exposure
exposing the client with the feared stimuli and not let them escape
Flooding
Exposure therapy in gradual doses. Least to most fear provoking situations.
Anxiety hierarchy
- Client learns relaxation techniques.
- Creates a fear hierarchy/list…least frightening situation with the object to most frightening.
- Starting with the least fearful item guides relaxation for each step (either visualizing or in vivo)
Systematic-desensitization
Uses the principles to classical conditioning to link probable behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions
Aversion therapy
trying to change or modify someone’s behavior. Behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment (time out’s, screaming)
Behavior modification
objects known as tokens can be traded for candies, treats, and privileges. Harnessing power of reinforcement
Token economy therapy
it works, but not for depression, but it’s good for phobias, and eating disorders.
appraisal of behavior therapy
aimed at addressing maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings.
COGNITIVE THERAPIES
believe that patterns of automatic thoughts, lie at the roots of psychological disorders. Lead to disturbances.
Beck’s cognitive therapy
coming to a conclusion without evidence to support it
Arbitrary inference
ignoring information and assuming something has happened based on details taken out of context
Selective abstraction
belief that something may always occur because it has occurred before
Overgeneralization
belief that something is more or less critical than it really is
Magnification/minimization
viewing experiences in extremes
Dichotomous thinking
taking other people’s behaviors too personally
Personalizing
identifies an illogical thought, and attempts to convert them into rational ones. (ABC’s)
Activation event Irrational Beliefs Emotional Consequences Disputing flawed beliefs Effective new philosophy
Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
both very similar, good, cause they’re both helping the patient recognize that their thinking isn’t that correct. But they have lots of homework.
Appraisal of cognitive therapy
increase neurotransmitters by inhibiting an enzyme, monoamine oxidase (breaks down them in the synapse). (Nardil)
MAO inhibitors
increases serotonin and nor-epinephrine by interfering with reuptake. (Elavil)
Tricyclics
interfere with reuptake (Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft). They are prescribed the most because they generally have fewer side effects.
Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
anti manic drugs. Medication and minimise the lows of depression and the high of mania.
Mood stabilizing drugs
used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations.
Antipsychotic drugs: (schizophrenia)
medication used in treating the symptoms of anxiety
Anti-anxiety drugs
biomedical therapy when depressive meds don’t work. Last resort. Induces seizures in the brain using electro shock therapy. Anterograde, and retrograde amnesia.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
biomedical therapy , involves the destruction of some portions of the brain, or connections between different areas of the brain
Neurosurgery
behaviors that run counter to what’s in one’s best interest. Interferes with normal functioning
Maladaptive behaviors
degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and functioning.
Dysfunction
Degree to which behavior or emotion can cause an individual discomfort.
Distress:
degree to which behavior is considered outside the rules of society.
Deviance
helps mental health professionals make diagnostics based on evidence
DSM-V
Axis I: clinical disorder (includes disorders first diagnosed before reaching adulthood; anxiety disorders; mood disorders; dissociative disorders; schizophrenia; substance abuse; etc.)
Axis II: personality disorders and intellectual disabilities and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention (relationship problems, bereavement, academic problems).
Axis III: general medical condition.
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems (poverty, neglect, unemployment).
Axis V: global assessment of functioning (scale of 1-100) 100 = severe threat to self or others 1 = no worries.
Garver multiaxial system (DSM-5)
50% of the population will probably be able to be diagnosed with a disorder.
ABNORMAL, BUT NOT UNCOMMON
occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
Comorbidity
the medical model: psy disorders can be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured. Causes: biological in nature, caused by organic or internal causes, brain, neurotransmitter, or genetic issues.
biology
psychological factors: cognitive, learning, or personality characteristics, contribute to the development and maintenance of disorders
mind
socio cultural factors: social factors, poverty, community support systems, can play a role in development and course of disorders
environment
psy disorders result from an interaction between biological, social, and psychological.
biopsychosocial perspective
a group of psy disorders associated with extreme anxiety, or debilitating irrational fears
ANXIETY DISORDERS:
sudden extreme fear or discomfort, that escalates quickly with no obvious trigger, mimics a heart attack
Panic attack
psy disorder that includes recurrent unexpected panic attacks, and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior
Panic disorder
40% heritability. Women are two times as lightly to have one rather than men.
Genetics, gender, and panic disorder
learn by associating (go to the mall, have a panic attack, mall becomes a fearful place)
Classical conditioning
psy disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation.
Specific Phobia
includes all three. Classic, observational, operant
Learning and specific phobias
evolutionary. Biologically prepared to be afraid of certain things, and react quickly.
Biology, culture, and specific phobias
extreme fear of situations; public settings, public transportation, open spaces.
Agoraphobia
intense fear of social situations and scrutiny of others. Public speaking.
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
psy disorder, characteristized by a lot of worry and anxiety, can’t identify a cause usually. Generally feel anxious for at least 6 months, more days than not.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
psy disorder, characterized by obsession and complications that are time consuming and cause distress
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
THE BIOLOGY OF OCD
Neurotransmitter; serotonin
operant conditioning and negative reinforcement
THE ROLE OF LEARNING
Immediate stress reaction
Immediate stress reaction lasts after one month
Acute Stress Disorder
Both reactions to exposure to significant and traumatic stressors
PTSD
Psy disorder that includes one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as, lost of energy, depressed mood, problems with sleep. Also known as unipolar depression
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
More chronic, fewer symptoms. Lower grade depression, but lasts for much longer.
Dysthymic Disorder
Recurrent depression during the wintery months, but gets better during the bright summer seasons
Seasonal affective disorder
more serious one. One manic episode, substantial distress, and grave impairment. Must have major depressive episode as well. May include hallucinations. .8% of the time this one is diagnosed
Bipolar 1
Must have major depressive episode as well. hypomanic episodes; same symptoms, but don’t usually impair one’s functions. 1.1% of the time
Bipolar 2
mild disorder. Mood swings between short periods of mild depression, and manic episodes
Cyclothymic Disorder
identical twins; 40-70%, non identical twins; 5%. Higher incidents of bipolar disorder in high income, high stress areas
Who gets bipolar disorder? Genetic component
disabling psychological disorder that can include delusion, hallucinations, disorganized speaking, and abnormal motor behaviors. Continuous thing for 6 six months, and symptoms aren’t from substance abuse or other medical conditions.
Schizophrenia
lost of contact with or a break from reality that is severe and chronic
Psychosis
strange or false belief that a person firmly maintains, even when presented with the contrary
Delusions
perception like experiences, that an individual believes are real, but aren’t evident to others
Hallucinations
Positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, abnormal motor behavior)
in addition too
Negative symptoms (decreased emotional expression/flat affect, lack of motivation, decreased speech production, reduced pleasure, lack of interest in being social)
Lacking, should be there, but aren’t.
people with little dopamine have parkinson’s, people with too much, have schizophrenia
Dopamine hypothesis
disorder of development. Child starts off as normal development at about 2 years. It either tops, or goes backwards. Persistent deficits in social communication, and social interaction. Restricted, repetitive behavior or interest in other activities.
AUTISM Spectrum Disorder
difficulties in school, social actions. Have normal or above normal intelligence.
Asperger’s (light Autism)
No verbal skills, and self injuries
Severe AUTISM
Unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, disregard of others, and lack of remorse. (Male usually)
Antisocial personality disorder
feelings of incomplete sense of self, extreme self criticism, unstable emotions, feelings of emptiness. (75% females). Childhood trauma, temperament, overprotective parents.
Borderline personality disorder:
Psy disorders, including problems with memory, motor control, identity, consciousness, perception
Dissociative disorders
difficulty remembering important person information, and life events. Brought on by a stressful event, not injury
Dissociative amnesia
wanders about in a confused and unexpected manner. Travel may be part of the case.
Dissociative fugue
multiple personality disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
self starvation. Seeing significant weight loss, refusing to eat minimum calorie intake. Intense fear of being overweight. False view of body image. Mainly female. If it’s a male, it’s usually sports related. Highest death rate 50% medical complications. 20% is suicide.
Anorexia nervosa
extreme overeating, then purging (extreme exercise, vomiting, laxatives). Signs: Ulcers in throat, rotting teeth, bad breath, electrolytes out of whack)
Bulimia nervosa
episodes of extreme overeating, eating more than most people would in the same amount of time and under similar circumstances. Eating feels out of control.
Binge-eating disorder
the unique set of characteristics that influences the way one thinks, acts and feels. Consistent and enduring throughout the lifespan
PERSONALITY
distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors, observed early in infancy. Precursor to personality
Temperament
Personality is shaped by unconscious thoughts and desires. It’s influenced by early childhood experiences
Psychoanalytic
Personality is shaped by interacts with the environment, especially through learning. Classical/operant conditioning, and observational learning
Behavioral
(the third force) innately good and control our destinies. We are moving towards growth and actualization
Humanistic
social influences and mental processes affect our personality. emphasis is on Environment, cognition, and behavior
Social-cognitive
emphasis the physiological and genetic influences on personality
biological
drives and motivates us. Things we’re not aware of. Majority of who we are. Below our level of awareness. Level of consciousness that’s outside of our awareness, that’s difficult to access without therapy
Unconscious
information that’s easily recalled when needed. Mental activities, outside our current awareness, which can be brought easily to our attention
Preconscious
everything we are consciously aware of at this moment and can talk about
Conscious
most primitive structure of the mind. Completely unconscious. Party animal. Basic biological drive; hunger, thirst, sex, self-preservation. Present at birth.
The ID
manipulate situations, plan for the future, solve problems, and make decisions.
The Ego
Saint inside. Guides behavior to follow rules of society, parents, authority figures. Fully developed between five and six years old
The Superego
distortions of the real world, without one’s awareness, to reduce anxiety, created by the conflict of the ID, Ego, and superego
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
redirecting unacceptable impulses into acceptable outlets
Sublimation
unconsciously modeling our feelings onto someone we admire
Identification
shifting negative feelings to an acceptable target.
Displacement
anxiety producing information is pushed into the unconscious
Repression
creating an acceptable excuse for an uncomfortable situation
Rationalization
attributing your own anxiety provoking thoughts on someone else
Projection
refusing to recognize a distressing reality
Denial
Falling back on childlike patterns during stressful times
Regression
stages of development from birth to adulthood, each of which has an Erogenous zone and a conflict that must be dealt with
Psychosexual stages
birth to one and a half years. Ezone: Mouth. Conflict: weaning. Fixation: smoking, nail biting, drinking, excessive talking
The Oral Stage
one and half to 3 years old. Ezone: anus. Conflict: potty training. Fixation: anal retentive: rule bound, cleanliness. Anal expulsive: dirty.
The Anal Stage
3-6. Ezone: privates. Conflicts: autoerotisimes. Fixation: mastrbation. Promiscuous.
The Phallic Stage
we take a sexual timeout. 6-puberty. Ezone: none. Children develop mentally socially, and physically
Latency Period
Puberty+ Ezone: privates. Conflict: sexuality and aggression. Fixation: none.
Genital Stage
people that were going up against freud who thought he was too creepy.
THE NEO-FREUDIANS
(trust vs mistrust fella) 8 stages
Erik Erikson
Personality came about by overcoming inferiority. Individual psychology: struggle to overcome feelings of inferiority. Begin to overcome feelings early
Alfred Adler
driven by psychological energy, not sexual energy. Personality is made up of ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious
Carl Jung
Driven by the social environment, specially the family. Bad parenting can cause anxiety. Hated penis envy. Women can feel envious of the status that men have in the world. Men can feel envious of women for being able to carry children
Karen Horney
Hierarchy of needs: self actualization and self transcendence
Maslow and personality
Self-concept (real self): knowledge an individual has about your own strength, abilities , behavior and temperament
ideal self: what a person strives to be
Rogers and personality: all trying to be the best we can be.
Locus of Control: pattern of generalized beliefs about where control or responsibility for outcomes reside.
Internal: cause of life events within yourself
External: cause of life events reside outside a person
Rotter and personality
observational learning
Social-cognitive perspective: personality results from pattern of thinking as well as relationships and other environmental factors.
Self-efficacy: “little engine that could” believes about our abilities to reach our goals.
Bandura and personality
High: Unconforming, creative, and imaginative. Low: conforming, uncreative, practical.
Openness to experiences
high: reliable, ambitious, punctual. Low: unreliable, lazy, but spontaneous.
Conscientiousness
high: sociable, talkative, and affectionate. Low: loner, quiet, and reserved.
Extraversion
High: good natured, trusting, helpful. Low: rude, uncooperative, and critical.
Agreeableness
emotional stability. High: emotional, temperamental, and worried. Low: calm, even tempered, and secure
Neuroticism
is it repeatable, and outcomes consistent
Reliability
a test that measures what it intends to measure
Validity
are assessments that present stimuli without a specific meaning to the test takers, whose responses can be interpreted to uncovered underlying personality characteristics. Clients project their unconscious meaning onto the test. It’s subjective because the score is interpreting the results
The Rorschach Inkblots: 10 cards. Highly difficult to score, low interrater reliability. Not sure if it’s valid.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): giving a set of pictures, and the test taker is told to tell as story from the picture. Before and after the picture
Projective personality tests
assessments, made of a standard set of questions with answers of true/false, or multiple choice. Called objective b/c Assessed in a standardized way, and they give a short measurable answer. Made to answer certain questions.
The MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2: most commonly used. design to help clinicians diagnose mental issues. Hiring tools for employers. Over 338 t/f question. Some are repeating.
16PF: 16 personality factor questionnaire. Created by catell.
Myers-Briggs: poor test, re-test reliabilty. Doesn’t really measure success or preidiction of success. Valitidy pretty low.
Objective personality tests
