Chapter 5: Learning

Question 1

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

one of the most basic forms of learning, evident when an organism doesn’t respond as quickly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it. (Getting “bored”)

Answer 2

Habituation

Question 3

an event or occurrence that generally leads to a response

Answer 3

Stimulus

Question 4

Process of learning association. Learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other. Originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to enlisted an involuntary response.

Answer 4

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Question 5

Something in the environment that doesn’t normally cause an automatic or reflective response. (Bell)

Answer 5

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Question 6

(food) Stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed.

Answer 6

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 7

(drooling) Reflexive involuntary reaction that occurs because of the US. (Salivation in dogs)

Answer 7

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Question 8

(bell) a previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an US.

Answer 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 9

(drooling) Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 10

initial learning phase in both Classical and Operant conditioning.

Answer 10

The Acquisition Phase

Question 11

the tendency for stimuli, similar to the conditioned stimulus, to enlisted the conditioned response. (all big woofy dogs)

Answer 11

Stimulus Generalization

Question 12

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli, very different from it. (big and little woofy dogs)

Answer 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 13

Process by which the conditioned response deceased after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of uncodified stimulus

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction.

Answer 14

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 15

repeated pairings of conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus, the second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well

Answer 15

Higher Order Conditioning

Question 16

a form of classical condition that occurs when an organism learns to associate a particular taste with a form of illness

Answer 16

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Question 17

the degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive.

Answer 17

Adaptive value/evolutionary perspective

Question 18

biologically prepared to survive

Answer 18

Biological preparedness

Question 19

Process by which an emotional reaction becomes associated with a previously conditioned response.

Answer 19

LITTLE ALBERT AND CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

Question 20

learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences.

Answer 20

Operant Conditioning

Question 21

(followed Watson) all behaviors thoughts and emotions are shaped by factors in the external environment

Answer 21

Skinner and Behaviorism

Question 22

reinforcers are presented following the target performance, increases the likelihood it will occur again

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement

Question 23

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior happening again. (when you turn on the car and the annoying sound goes ding-ding-ding until you put on your seatbelt, and it goes away, pick up a baby to get it to not cry.)

Answer 23

Negative reinforcement

Question 24

enate. Satisfies a biological need. Food, water, physical contact.

Answer 24

Primary reinforcers

Question 25

do not satisfy biological needs, but gain power with their association with primary reinforcers. (money)

Answer 25

Secondary reinforcers

Question 26

schedule of reinforced in which every target’s behavior in reinforced.

Answer 26

Continuous reinforcement

Question 27

schedule reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously.

Answer 27

Partial reinforcement

Question 28

tendency of behaviors acquired through partial reinforcement to be more resistant to extinction than those required from continuous reinforcement.

Answer 28

Partial reinforcement effect

Question 29

Rate of Response. The subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before reinforcement is given. (buy ten cups, get the 11th free)

Answer 29

Fixed ratio schedule

Question 30

(gambling in the coin slot) the number of desired behaviors must occur before a reinforcer is given, changes and is based on an average number of behaviors to be reinforced. (most difficult to get rid of)

Answer 30

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 31

reinforcer comes after a pre-established interval of time. Behavior is only reinforced after a given interval is over. (getting payed, making brownies)

Answer 31

Fixed-interval schedule

Question 32

the reinforcer comes after an interval of time, but the length of the interval changes from trial to trial. (texting someone and they don’t always text back right away)

Answer 32

Variable-interval schedule

Question 33

addition of something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior with the intention of decreasing that behavior. (spanked, evil dad face)

Answer 33

Positive punishment

Question 34

removal of something desirable following an unwanted behavior with the intention of decreasing that behavior. (take away phone, grounded)

Answer 34

Negative punishment

Question 35

learning that occurs as a result of watching the behavior of others.

Answer 35

Observational Learning

Question 36

learning that occurs without awareness, and regardless of reinforcement and is not evident until it’s needed.

Answer 36

LATENT LEARNING

Question 37

sudden coming together of awareness of a situation, leading to the solution of a problem. Not achieved by trial and error learning. Used two sticks put together to reach a banana.

Answer 37

Insight Learning (Kohler’s Chimps)