Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

the process of information entering into our memory system

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

process of preserving information for the possible recollection in the future.

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory.

Answer 3

retrieval

Question 4

(Atkinson and Shiffin). Flow of info into each stage of memory. Sensory, short-term, long term memory.

Answer 4

The Information Processing Model

Question 5

The Here and Now: captures sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time. About one second.

Answer 5

Sensory Memory

Question 6

(eye) visual impressions that dissolve in less than a second

Answer 6

Iconic Memory

Question 7

people who can see an image long after the object is actually there.

Answer 7

Eidetic imagery

Question 8

(ear) exact copies of sounds we hear from 1-10 seconds.

Answer 8

Echoic Memory

Question 9

Stage of memory that temporarily houses and stores a limited amount of info for up to 30 seconds.

Answer 9

short-term memory

Question 10

the technique of repeating information to be remembered.

Answer 10

Maintenance rehearsal/rote rehearsal

Question 11

grouping number letter and other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information

Answer 11

Chunking

Question 12

Active processing of information in the short term memory

Answer 12

Working memory

Question 13

processes verbal info

Answer 13

Phonological loop

Question 14

visual and spatial information. Sketchpad

Answer 14

Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 15

coordinates activates

Answer 15

Central executive

Question 16

bridges between memory and conscious

Answer 16

episodic buffer

Question 17

System in which, all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Answer 17

Long-term Memory

Question 18

memory you’re aware of having and can express in words or declare.

Answer 18

Explicit memory/declarative memory

Question 19

Memory of general facts

Answer 19

Semantic Memory (Explicit)

Question 20

autobiographical or personal experiences

Answer 20

Episodic memory (Explicit)

Question 21

detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant, sometimes historic, event

Answer 21

Flashbulb memories

Question 22

memory of something you know or know how to do. Which may be automatic or unconscious. (liking a song. No way to know how you know, you just do)

Answer 22

Implicit memory/non-declarative memory

Question 23

muscle memory. Unconscious memory of how to carry out variety of skills and activities. (riding bike, walking)

Answer 23

Procedural memory

Question 24

technique to improve memory

Answer 24

mnemonics

Question 25

the method of collecting incoming information to knowledge and long-term memory. Deep level of encoding. (more you do it, the better you’ll remember)

Answer 25

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 26

Spread out study sessions over days

Answer 26

Distributive Practice

Question 27

Cramming

Answer 27

Massed practice

Question 28

stimuli that helps in the retrieval of stored memories

Answer 28

Retrieval cues

Question 29

stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment

Answer 29

Priming

Question 30

process of retrieving information from long-term memory without the help of explicit retrieval cues

Answer 30

Recall

Question 31

matching incoming data with information stored in long term memory

Answer 31

Recognition

Question 32

ability to recall items on a list, depends on where they are in the series.

Answer 32

Serial positioning effect

Question 33

remembering items at the beginning of the list

Answer 33

Primacy effect

Question 34

remembering items at the end of the list

Answer 34

Recency effect

Question 35

tend to prioritize family and the need of community over the individual. (Asian, Latin)

Answer 35

Collectivist cultures

Question 36

tend to prioritize autonomy and independence (USA, Canada, Australia) .

Answer 36

Individualistic cultures

Question 37

recall is better when the contest and, cues at the same time of encoding, are similar to those at the time of retrieval

Answer 37

Encoding specificity principle

Question 38

psychical and psychological states are also cues to retrieve information.

Answer 38

State dependent memory

Question 39

information that didn’t enter memory in the first place

Answer 39

Encoding failure

Question 40

neural pathways of memory decays, so that forgetting occurs

Answer 40

Memory decay

Question 41

knowing you have knowledge of something, but we can’t retrieve it from storage.

Answer 41

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 42

the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new information

Answer 42

Proactive interference

Question 43

the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past

Answer 43

Retroactive interference

Question 44

an eyewitness testimony, distortions and recall information occur when events happen, like false information is planted, after the event and before recall.

Answer 44

Misinformation Effect

Question 45

inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain.

Answer 45

Anterograde amnesia

Question 46

unable to access memories prior to damage or injuries to the brain. Or having a very difficult time remembering them

Answer 46

Retrograde amnesia