Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards
the process of information entering into our memory system
Encoding
process of preserving information for the possible recollection in the future.
Storage
process of accessing information encoded and stored in memory.
retrieval
(Atkinson and Shiffin). Flow of info into each stage of memory. Sensory, short-term, long term memory.
The Information Processing Model
The Here and Now: captures sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time. About one second.
Sensory Memory
(eye) visual impressions that dissolve in less than a second
Iconic Memory
people who can see an image long after the object is actually there.
Eidetic imagery
(ear) exact copies of sounds we hear from 1-10 seconds.
Echoic Memory
Stage of memory that temporarily houses and stores a limited amount of info for up to 30 seconds.
short-term memory
the technique of repeating information to be remembered.
Maintenance rehearsal/rote rehearsal
grouping number letter and other items into meaningful subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information
Chunking
Active processing of information in the short term memory
Working memory
processes verbal info
Phonological loop
visual and spatial information. Sketchpad
Visuospatial sketchpad
coordinates activates
Central executive
bridges between memory and conscious
episodic buffer
System in which, all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
Long-term Memory
memory you’re aware of having and can express in words or declare.
Explicit memory/declarative memory
Memory of general facts
Semantic Memory (Explicit)
autobiographical or personal experiences
Episodic memory (Explicit)
detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant, sometimes historic, event
Flashbulb memories
memory of something you know or know how to do. Which may be automatic or unconscious. (liking a song. No way to know how you know, you just do)
Implicit memory/non-declarative memory
muscle memory. Unconscious memory of how to carry out variety of skills and activities. (riding bike, walking)
Procedural memory
technique to improve memory
mnemonics
the method of collecting incoming information to knowledge and long-term memory. Deep level of encoding. (more you do it, the better you’ll remember)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Spread out study sessions over days
Distributive Practice
Cramming
Massed practice
stimuli that helps in the retrieval of stored memories
Retrieval cues
stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment
Priming
process of retrieving information from long-term memory without the help of explicit retrieval cues
Recall
matching incoming data with information stored in long term memory
Recognition
ability to recall items on a list, depends on where they are in the series.
Serial positioning effect
remembering items at the beginning of the list
Primacy effect
remembering items at the end of the list
Recency effect
tend to prioritize family and the need of community over the individual. (Asian, Latin)
Collectivist cultures
tend to prioritize autonomy and independence (USA, Canada, Australia) .
Individualistic cultures
recall is better when the contest and, cues at the same time of encoding, are similar to those at the time of retrieval
Encoding specificity principle
psychical and psychological states are also cues to retrieve information.
State dependent memory
information that didn’t enter memory in the first place
Encoding failure
neural pathways of memory decays, so that forgetting occurs
Memory decay
knowing you have knowledge of something, but we can’t retrieve it from storage.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new information
Proactive interference
the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past
Retroactive interference
an eyewitness testimony, distortions and recall information occur when events happen, like false information is planted, after the event and before recall.
Misinformation Effect
inability to create new memories following damage or injury to the brain.
Anterograde amnesia
unable to access memories prior to damage or injuries to the brain. Or having a very difficult time remembering them
Retrograde amnesia
