Final Exam New Info Flashcards
What are some of the reasons you would administer fluids to a cow?
(Animal dehydration, rumen dehydration, carrier for medications, and to stimulate appetite)
What can impact your ability to assess dehydration using the sunken eyeball method?
(If a low BCS, retrobulbar fat pad may be small and eye can look sunken when not dehydrated)
What is indicated by an empty paralumbar fossa?
(Cow is off feed and/or dehydrated)
Any dairy cow that is off feed is likely at least what percent dehydrated?
(5%)
What is the fluid deficit in pints, gallons, and liters for a 1200 lb cow that is 7% dehydrated?
(84 pints (1200 x 0.07), 10.5 gallons (divide pints by 8 bc 8 pints in a gallon), or 38 liters (divide pints by 2.2))
What are the goals of fluid therapy in cattle?
(Rehydrate the animal, rehydrate the rumen, encourage appetite, and deliver any needed medications)
Pair the appropriate fluid therapy plan with the percent dehydration:
< 8%
A - Oral fluids alone
B - IV + oral fluids
C - Depends - if you choose this option, additional question of depends on what?
A - Oral fluids alone (< 8%)
Pair the appropriate fluid therapy plan with the percent dehydration:
> 8%
A - Oral fluids alone
B - IV + oral fluids
C - Depends - if you choose this option, additional question of depends on what?
B - IV + oral fluids
Pair the appropriate fluid therapy plan with the percent dehydration:
8%
A - Oral fluids alone
B - IV + oral fluids
C - Depends - if you choose this option, additional question of depends on what?
C - (Depends on if she has a condition that will cause her to have continuing losses/generally make her feel worse/less likely to be eating/drinking on her own after giving oral, then you’d choose oral + IV fluids)
How much does the cattle pump system pump in one stroke?
(A pint)
Why should you make sure you’re not pumping fluids too quickly with a cattle pump system?
(Prevents regurg and aspiration which is potential fatal)
How do you know if a cow you are pumping fluids into with a cattle pump system is going to regurgitate?
(She should normal be chewing while you have the pump system in place, if she stops, regurg is imminent)
How many gallons per 100 lbs of body weight can be administered orally in cows?
(0.5-0.75 gallon per 100 lbs of body weight, should be warm)
Why would you add 60-100 grams of calcium to a cows’ oral drench?
(Off feed and/or fresh dairy cows are typically hypocalcemic)
What is the purpose of adding 3-5 pounds of alfalfa meal to a cows’ oral drench?
(Gives the bacteria in the rumen a growth substrate, adding ¼-½ a lb of yeast also helps to accomplish the same goal)
If you’re going to add KCl to an oral drench to replace potassium losses, how much do you add?
(90 grams)
If you’re going to add propionate to an oral drench, how much do you add?
(12 oz)
If you’re going to add NaCl to an oral drench to replace losses, how much do you add?
(120-160 grams)
What is the dose of hypertonic saline in cattle, which is a great economical way to rehydrate moderate to severely dehydrated ruminants?
(2-3 ml/lb)
Why do you need to make sure a cow is either drinking or you administer oral fluids in a cow that you administer hypertonic fluids to?
(Bc in those cases, water will be drawn from the rumen by the hypertonic fluids so there needs to be fluids in the rumen to draw from)
In what conditions is hypertonic saline contraindicated and why?
(Salt intoxication and anemia; salt intoxication better make sense to you already or you should just quit while you’re ahead, for anemia hypertonic saline pulls water from the cells which will dilute that already minimal number of blood cells and then it’ll be time to kick the bucket)
What brand of bottled water is best for making homemade lactated ringers and why?
(Deer park (this part really was just for shits and giggles), or any company that uses reverse osmosis)
What electrolytes and how much do you add to 18 liters of reverse osmosis water to make homemade lactated ringers?
(140 grams NaCl, 90 grams of KCl, and 10 grams of CaCl)
What do you need to ask yourself when trying to decide if you are going to give a calf with scours oral versus hypertonic IV versus isotonic IV fluids?
(What is causing the diarrhea and is it malabsorptive or secretory diarrhea; oral obviously won’t work if it is malabsorptive and neither will hypertonic because they need to absorb fluid from the GIT for hypertonic to work)
If you have deemed a scouring calf a good candidate for oral fluid therapy (they are still drinking on their own just not enough, they don’t have abdominal distension, and they have secretory diarrhea), how much can you give and how often can you give it?
(2 quarts 2-3 times a day)
What is the more common location for digital dermatitis lesions though it can be seen in the interdigital space?
(On the heels)
Animals in which stage of digital dermatitis are reservoirs?
(M4)
Accumulation of several animals in which stage of digital dermatitis usually occurs at the beginning of an outbreak?
(M2 lesions)
If a farm continues to cycle between having M2 and M4 digital dermatitis affecting their cows, what management practice should you examine?
(Foot bath management)
What is the main causative agent of digital dermatitis, though there are unknown synergistic bacteria that are necessary for disease to occur?
(Treponema spp.)
What antibiotic class is best for use against digital dermatitis?
(Tetracyclines, they work best on Treponema spp.)
Beef cattle in what stage of production are most likely to be impacted by digital dermatitis?
(Feedlot)
Why is digital dermatitis more difficult to treat in beef cattle cases?
(Do not have a set routine where they have an exact path the cows walk everyday to place a foot bath in)
Corkscrew claw is a heritable disease but what other factor can also play a role?
(Nutrition → subclinical ketoacidosis or heavy, fast gain specifically)
The lateral/medial (choose) claws on the hindlimbs and the lateral/medial (choose) claws on the forelimbs are typically corkscrew.
(Lateral claw on the hindlimbs and medial claw on the forelimbs)
What lesions can occur secondarily to corkscrew claw?
(White line disease and sole ulceration +/- digital sepsis)
Pair the following trace minerals with their function:
Zinc/biotin
A - Antioxidant and immunity, protects cell membranes
B - Joint structure and bone density
C - Hoof keratin formation
D - Synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, and cartilage
C - Hoof keratin formation
Pair the following trace minerals with their function:
Manganese
A - Antioxidant and immunity, protects cell membranes
B - Joint structure and bone density
C - Hoof keratin formation
D - Synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, and cartilage
B - Joint structure and bone density
Pair the following trace minerals with their function:
Copper
A - Antioxidant and immunity, protects cell membranes
B - Joint structure and bone density
C - Hoof keratin formation
D - Synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, and cartilage
D - Synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, and cartilage
Pair the following trace minerals with their function:
Selenium
A - Antioxidant and immunity, protects cell membranes
B - Joint structure and bone density
C - Hoof keratin formation
D - Synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, and cartilage
A - Antioxidant and immunity, protects cell membranes
The toe length for a dairy cow should be how long?
(3 inches)
You should dish out more of the sole on the lateral or medial claw in the forelimbs?
(Medial)
You should dish out more of the sole on the lateral or medial claw in the hindlimbs?
(Lateral)
What is the purpose of quarantine?
(Prevent transmission of disease both from new to resident and resident to new, better observation of newbies, and to identify disease, behavioral, and nutritional diseases in newbies)
(T/F) Even if new populations of animals are of the same known health status as your resident animals, it is still best to have a short quarantine period.
(T)
Which of the following are appropriate topics to be discussed during a vet-to-vet call when bringing new animals into a herd? (Yeah this is a funny question, but there’s another question where I ask you to list the correct reasons so you best know them)
A - Your favorite colors +/- if you prefer the sparkly version of that color or not
B - Confirmation that source herd has not had any recent disease outbreaks
C - Your favorite coverall brands
D - To determine what disease have or have not been detected/tested for in the source herd
E - Your favorite season and why
F - To determine what vaccination programs are used (what are they given and when)
G - Your vet school crush and why
H - To determine what antimicrobials are being used in the source herd’s feed and/or water
(B, D, F, and H)
What are the main topics that should be discussed in a vet-to-vet call?
(Recent disease outbreaks in the source herd, what diseases have or have not been detected/tested for, what vaccination program is used, and what antimicrobials are being used in the feed/water)
How are diseases generally transmitted between pigs?
(Direct, makes quarantine real nice looking)
Diseases are generally transmitted through direct contact between pigs, what are additional routes of transmission?
(Rodent/bird vectors, fomites, environmental transmission via aerosol, water, food, or dirt)
What should be included in quarantine areas that can minimize fomite transmission, particularly pertaining to humans?
(Foot baths, hand washing stations, changing area, +/- use of gloves)
What should be included in quarantine areas to minimize environmental transmission (aerosol, water, food, or dirt)?
(No common water or feed sources, easy to clean surfaces to minimize dirt, no contact b/w resident pigs and newbies)
Unless the newbie pigs/animals are entirely naive animals with no exposure to any diseases, when should quarantined animals be fed, watered, checked on, etc?
(Dead last)
What is a good general time period for quarantine?
(28-30 days, minimum is 2 weeks)
What occurs during an acclimation period that is an additional 15-30 days on top of quarantine time?
(Acclimatization period allows for the newbies to be exposed to or immunized for diseases affecting the resident pigs/animals)
What should be done during the acclimation period?
(Vaccinate for specific organisms that are proven to be an issue in your resident herd, exposure the newbies to a resident sentinel pig, and treat with antiparasitics (both internal and external) prior to entry into the resident herd)
What are the most common causes of death in piglets?
(Trauma, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia)
What are some of the skin related congenital disorders that piglets can be affected by?
(Epitheliogenesis imperfecta → monitor for QOL and manage as a wound, polydactyly → left alone or removed in show pigs, and cleft palates)
What are some of the CNS related congenital disorders that piglets can be affected by?
(Tremors → will grow out of it, splayed legs → if congenital can try to hobble them, if traumatic not much to do, hydrocephalus → will die)
What are some of the urogenital related congenital disorders that piglets can be affected by?
(Atresia ani → if partial will be fine, if not will die, intersex → fairly common, won’t affect growth but cannot be in the breeding herd)
Piglet losses increase when the piglets are what weight or less at birth?
(<2.5-2.75 lbs)
In which gestational status of mom pigs are stillbirths highest?
(Gilts and older sows)
If you are presented with 1-5 day old piglets with diarrhea, what all should be on your differential list?
(E. coli, Clostridium spp., coronaviruses (TGE/PEDv), and rotavirus)
If you are presented with >5 day old piglets with greyish diarrhea, what will be at the top of your differential list?
(Coccidia)
What diarrheal piglet diseases are associated with the highest mortality?
(TGE and PEDv)
Compare and contrast rotavirus and coronavirus in pathophysiology, clinical signs, and ages affected.
(Pathophysiology: rota takes the tips, corona takes the whole villi down to the crypts → villi take a week to regenerate, baby cannot absorb anything in the meantime and die; clinical signs: rota mostly diarrhea, corona diarrhea and vomiting so they get dehydrated fast and die; ages affected: rota is a baby pig dzs, TGE/PEDv can affect any age pig)
What are some of the strategies that can be used to obtain herd immunity against coronaviruses?
(Autogenous or commercially available vaccine and feedback (feed intestines of infected animals to the whole herd, found to not work for PEDv though))
When should creep feed start in piglets?
(Around 7 days of age)
If you note arthritis or polyarthritis in piglets, what are the possible causative agents and what can be used to treat?
(Strep spp, Staph spp, and T. pyogenes; tx with cephalosporins or penicillins)
In general, pigs are weaned at what age?
(3 weeks of age)
