Abomasal/Intestinal Dzs

Question 1

What electrolyte change would you expect to see on bloodwork of a cow with simple indigestion?

Answer 1

(Hypocalcemia → d/t not eating)

Question 2

If mastitis is on your list of differentials, how can you rule it out?

Answer 2

(Palpate the udder (should be hard and swollen) and CMT (should be >1mil for clinical))

Question 3

What are the different levels and associated somatic cell count for the california mastitis test?

Answer 3

(Negative - 0, trace - 300k, CMT 1 - 900k, CMT 2 - 2.7mil, CMT 3 - 8.1mil)

Question 4

The BHB comes back as 3.3mmol/L on a cow you tested, would you consider her subclinical/clinical/severe (choose)?

Answer 4

(Severe, >3 mmol/L is severe; subclinical is 1.1-1.4 mmol/L)

Question 5

What are some causes of a displaced abomasum?

Answer 5

(Anything that causes atony of the abomasum → ketosis, hypocalcemia, increased VFAs, endotoxemia)

Question 6

Whether a DA goes to the left or right depends on what other structure and what characteristic of that structure?

Answer 6

(Rumen, if its large/full → RDA, if small/empty → LDA)

Question 7

RTAs are a counterclockwise/clockwise rotation of a DA (when viewing the cow from the rear).

Answer 7

(Counterclockwise)

Question 8

How do you determine where you are going to place your tacks for a roll and tack fix of a displaced abomasum?

Answer 8

(A hand’s breadth lateral to midline and a hand’s breadth caudal to the sternum)

Question 9

How can you confirm that you have punched into the abomasum in a roll and tack?

Answer 9

(Test with litmus paper, will be greenish to pink)

Question 10

What are the pros and cons of a roll and tack?

Answer 10

(Pros → cheap, quick, less invasive; cons → entrapment of other stuff, can displace again)

Question 11

What are the pros and cons of a right side omentopexy?

Answer 11

(Pros → you know its back in place, relatively easy, can check for fatty liver; cons → omental tears in fat cows, risk of peritonitis and wall abscess (can mitigate with abx), and cannot break down adhesions or observe tears/ulcers)

Question 12

(T/F) A right sided omentopexy can be used to fix a left or right side DA.

Answer 12

(T)

Question 13

(T/F) Left sided abomasopexy can only fix LDAs.

Answer 13

(T)

Question 14

(T/F) A right sided paramedian approach can be used to correct both an RDA and LDA.

Answer 14

(T)

Question 15

If a weaning calf presents for pain in the lower right anterior quadrant of their abdomen, what is likely the issue?

Answer 15

(Abomasal ulcer)

Question 16

What is the purpose of giving a calf with an abomasal ulcer aluminum hydroxide and magnesium oxide?

Answer 16

(Will neutralize acid)

Question 17

What is the typical manifestation of a sheep with an abomasal emptying defect?

Answer 17

(Anorexia and weight loss)

Question 18

What do you expect to see on bloodwork of a sheep with an abomasal emptying defect?

Answer 18

(Hypochloremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis)

Question 19

What is the purpose of administering erythromycin to a sheep with an abomasal emptying defect?

Answer 19

(It is an abomasal stimulant, can also try cathartics and laxatives but nothing is super useful)

Question 20

A study showed that palpation at what day of gestation has been associated with atresia ani in cattle?

Answer 20

(42)

Question 21

How do females affected by atresia ani, recti, or coli compensate?

Answer 21

(Form a rectovaginal fistula → can go on and live life, just cannot be bred but still good for slaughter)

Question 22

What are the treatments for atresia ani, recti, and coli?

Answer 22

(Ani → create an anus, recti and coli → euthanasia)

Question 23

Why is oral and IM penicillin administered in cases of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 23

(It is thought to be caused by clostridium perfringens type A)

Question 24

Why is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome typically seen within the first 100 days in milk?

Answer 24

(Bc that is when the most stress occurs and when they are eating the most → sets up the perfect spot for Clostridium perfringens type A)

Question 25

What are the clinical manifestations of hemorrhage bowel syndrome?

Answer 25

(Off feed, depressed, increase heart and resp rate, progressive abdominal distention, low pitched pings in lower right abdomen (d/t gas in GI tract))

Question 26

What do you expect to find per rectal palpation in a cow with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 26

(Blood clots/bloody feces and distended small bowel loops)

Question 27

How do cattle with a cecal dilation/retroflexion/torsion present clinically?

Answer 27

(Anorexic, drop in milk, scant feces (d/t being blocked), and signs of colic (bruxism, looking at flank, and shifting weight))

Question 28

How is cecal dilation/retroflexion/torsion prevented?

Answer 28

(Increase forage and decrease grain)

Question 29

What in the clinical presentation of a cow with a suspect cecal pathology will allow you to determine if the cecum is just dilated versus torsed?

Answer 29

(Heart rate → will be much higher with a torsion)

Question 30

What clinical signs are associated with intussusception in ruminants?

Answer 30

(Colic, depressed, anorexic, abdomen swells over a couple of days, dehydration)

Question 31

Why is surgery not a great option for correction of intussusceptions?

Answer 31

(It is difficult to get good surgical access to the small intestines → will self correct but prognosis is poor)

Question 32

What is the clinical manifestation of small intestinal volvulus in cattle and is it usually an acute or chronic progression?

Answer 32

(Clinical manifestation → increased heart and resp rate, painful, and swollen abdomen; acute onset with rapid progression)