Final Exam New Content Set 2 Flashcards
Explain an antibody diagram
A “Y” structure made of four polypeptides: two heavy chains and two light chains.
Fab fragment binds antigens.
Fc region binds to fc receptors (attaches to sugar molecules) and initates immune response
IgM
Fixes complement, is main antibody in primary response
IgG
Binds to phagocytes, Most abundant antibody in serum. Main antibody involved in secondary response.
IgE
Binds to mast cells and basophils. Involved in allergies and antiparasitic response.
IgA
Tags targets for destruction. Secreted into mucus, saliva, and tears.
IgD
B cell receptor that stimulates the release of IgM.
roles of macrophages in cell mediated response
to phagocytose bacteria, secretes both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators
roles of helper T-cells in cell mediated response
-assists B cells in antibody production
-aid macrophages in destroying microbes
-activate T cells to eliminate infected cells.
roles of cytotoxic T-cells in cell mediated response
directly kills intracellular pathogens and eliminates mutated and cancerous cells
roles of perforins in cell mediated response
Induces the formation of pores in the plasma membrane of target cells
roles of B-lymphocytes in cell mediated response
creates a type of protein called an antibody
process of mitosis
1) Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.
2) Chromosomes align at metaphase plate.
3) Sister chromatids separate, pulled by spindle fibers.
4) Mitosis ends, forming two nuclei, followed by cytokinesis (mvmt of cytoskeleton) for cell division.
process of meiosis
diploid cell —- >Homologous chromosomes separate, producing 2 haploid cells —–>
haploid cells enter Meiosis II—->
Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, and divides the 2 haploid cells into two —–> 4 haploid cells are produced—-> 4 haploid cells then mature into sperm or egg cells.
