Exam 4, Set 2 Flashcards
The origin of gastric juice
Parietal cells located in the stomach lining
the specializations of the stomach lining, and why they are necessary
Has cells that secrete HCl (parietal cells) to digest food
Surface Mucus cells- Stops stomach from digesting itself by secreting alkaline mucus (bicarbonate rich)
Rugae- Helps stomach expand
the chemical digestion that occurs in the stomach, especially the activation and action of pepsin
Pepsinogen is activated by HCL, therefore turning pepsinogen into Pepsin
composition of intestinal fluid
bile salts, phospholipids, steroids and glycerides
chemical digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine.
Pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharide into a disaccharide, disaccharidases break the disaccharide into a monosaccharide.
The monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to the liver
the chemical digestion and absorption of proteins in the small intestine
Trypsin activates proteases, and together, the enzymes break proteins down to tripeptides, dipeptides, and individual amino acids
the chemical digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine and what happens to fats as they then travel through the lymphatic and circulatory systems
bile emulsifies fats while lipase digests them—–> fat turns into a micelle—-> intestinal cells absorb the fats. —->Long-chain fatty acids form a chylomicron—–> Fats are transported as a chylomicron through the lymph system.
the chemical digestion and absorption of nucleic acids in the small intestine
with the help of both pancreatic enzymes and enzymes produced by the small intestine itself. Pancreatic enzymes called ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease break down RNA and DNA, respectively, into smaller nucleic acids
describe and explain the absorption of water, vitamin B12, iron, and calcium by the small intestine
There are two primary ways that nutrients cross through the walls of the small intestine and enter the bloodstream: passive diffusion, and active transport (needing a carrier molecule)
name and discuss all enzymes, hormones, and other helper molecules described in class
Amylase (made in the mouth and pancreas; breaks down complex carbohydrates)
Lipase (made in the pancreas; breaks down fats)
Protease (made in the pancreas; breaks down proteins)
Nucleases (Breaks down nucleic acids)
Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine
process of defecation
mass movement from the colon to the rectum ——> defecation reflex initiated (rectal contraction and internal and external anal sphincter relaxation.) —-> smooth muscles push feces out.
physiological effects of insulin and glucagon
Insulin: decreases blood glucose lvls
Glucagon: Increases blood glucose lvls
main functions of the liver
metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage
The composition of gastric juice
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), lipase, and pepsin
plicae circulares
circular folds in lining of small intestine
Purpose: efficient nutrient absorption
