final exam neuromuscularskeletal diseases Flashcards
what is arousal?
state of awareness
what is awareness?
content of thought
what does the supratentorial contain?
cerebrum and diencephalon
what does the infratentorial contain?
cerebellum and brainstem
what is lock in syndrome?
patient has general awareness ad capability but not able to verbally communicate
what is hemianopia?
loss of vision
what is aphasia?
inability to comprehend language
what is dysarthria?
inability to articulate words clearly
what is agraphia?
inability to write
what is alexia?
inability to read
what is agnosia?
loss of recgonition
what is dementia? what is it caused by?
- progressive failure of cerebral functions
- can be genetic
- atherosclerosis
- neuron degeneration
- brain tissue compression
symptoms of cortical dementia?
- decreased language comprehension
- decreased remote and recent memory
symptoms of subcortical dementia?
- accident prone
- personality changes
- shuffling gait
- incontinence
- immobility
what are the levels of consciousness? (levels 1-8)
- confusion
- disorientation
- lethargy
- obtundation
- stupor
- light coma
- coma
- deep coma
what is alzheimer’s disease? what is it commonly associated with?
- linked chromosomal alteration in apoliprotein E
- dementia
symptoms of alzheimer’s?
- forgetfulness
- emotional upset
- disorientation
- confusion
- lack of concentration
- mood swings
- hostility
what is intracranial pressure elevations caused by? what are the 3 types? what are symptoms?
- increased permeability of capilary endometirum of the brain after injury to vascular structure
- vasogenic, cytotoxic/metabolic, and interstitial
- decreased consciousness, vomiting, increased BP, decreased heart rate, pupils dilated and fixed
what is UMNL? what can cause? symptoms?
- injury to PYRAMIDAL motor regions
- cerebrovascular accidents, MS, and parkinson’s disease
- spastic paralysis, hypereflexia, pathologic reflexes, involuntary muscle contractions, hypertrophy
what is LMNL? what can cause? symptoms?
-injury to the VENTRAL horn of the spinal cord
-disc injuries, perpheral nerves injuries, and myasthenia
gravis
-flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, atrophy, fasciculations
what is parkinson’s disease? who most common gets it and at what age? symptoms?
- degeneration of basal ganglia involving dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
- males 58-62
- tremors, rigidity, pin rolling motion, bradykinesia, postural disturbances, dysphasia, dementia (over 70 years old)
what is a coup focal brain injury?
direct impact against object
what is a countercoup focal brain injury?
secondary impact within the skull
what causes a diffuse axonal injury?
shearing, tearing, or stretching of the nerve fibers
