final exam neuromuscularskeletal diseases

Question 1

what is arousal?

Answer 1

state of awareness

Question 2

what is awareness?

Answer 2

content of thought

Question 3

what does the supratentorial contain?

Answer 3

cerebrum and diencephalon

Question 4

what does the infratentorial contain?

Answer 4

cerebellum and brainstem

Question 5

what is lock in syndrome?

Answer 5

patient has general awareness ad capability but not able to verbally communicate

Question 6

what is hemianopia?

Answer 6

loss of vision

Question 7

what is aphasia?

Answer 7

inability to comprehend language

Question 8

what is dysarthria?

Answer 8

inability to articulate words clearly

Question 9

what is agraphia?

Answer 9

inability to write

Question 10

what is alexia?

Answer 10

inability to read

Question 11

what is agnosia?

Answer 11

loss of recgonition

Question 12

what is dementia? what is it caused by?

Answer 12

• progressive failure of cerebral functions
• can be genetic
• atherosclerosis
• neuron degeneration
• brain tissue compression

Question 13

symptoms of cortical dementia?

Answer 13

• decreased language comprehension

- decreased remote and recent memory

Question 14

symptoms of subcortical dementia?

Answer 14

• accident prone
• personality changes
• shuffling gait
• incontinence
• immobility

Question 15

what are the levels of consciousness? (levels 1-8)

Answer 15

• confusion
• disorientation
• lethargy
• obtundation
• stupor
• light coma
• coma
• deep coma

Question 16

what is alzheimer’s disease? what is it commonly associated with?

Answer 16

• linked chromosomal alteration in apoliprotein E

- dementia

Question 17

symptoms of alzheimer’s?

Answer 17

• forgetfulness
• emotional upset
• disorientation
• confusion
• lack of concentration
• mood swings
• hostility

Question 18

what is intracranial pressure elevations caused by? what are the 3 types? what are symptoms?

Answer 18

• increased permeability of capilary endometirum of the brain after injury to vascular structure
• vasogenic, cytotoxic/metabolic, and interstitial
• decreased consciousness, vomiting, increased BP, decreased heart rate, pupils dilated and fixed

Question 19

what is UMNL? what can cause? symptoms?

Answer 19

• injury to PYRAMIDAL motor regions
• cerebrovascular accidents, MS, and parkinson’s disease
• spastic paralysis, hypereflexia, pathologic reflexes, involuntary muscle contractions, hypertrophy

Question 20

what is LMNL? what can cause? symptoms?

Answer 20

-injury to the VENTRAL horn of the spinal cord
-disc injuries, perpheral nerves injuries, and myasthenia
gravis
-flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, atrophy, fasciculations

Question 21

what is parkinson’s disease? who most common gets it and at what age? symptoms?

Answer 21

• degeneration of basal ganglia involving dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
• males 58-62
• tremors, rigidity, pin rolling motion, bradykinesia, postural disturbances, dysphasia, dementia (over 70 years old)

Question 22

what is a coup focal brain injury?

Answer 22

direct impact against object

Question 23

what is a countercoup focal brain injury?

Answer 23

secondary impact within the skull

Question 24

what causes a diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 24

shearing, tearing, or stretching of the nerve fibers

Question 25

symptoms of grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 concussions?

Answer 25

• 1: confusion, disorientation, momentary amnesia
• 2: momentary confusion, and retrograde amnesia
• 3: confusion with retrograde and anterograde amnesia
• 4: loss of consciousness for less than 6 hours with headache, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety

Question 26

what is postconcussive syndrome? how long can it last?

Answer 26

• headache, anxiety, vomiting, insomnia, nausea

- weeks to months