ch 8: altered immune function Flashcards
what is a hypersensitivity?
altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host
what is autoimmunity?
disturbance/loss in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
what is alloimmunity?
immune reactions to tissues of another individual
what is an immunodeficiency?
failure of immune or inflammatory response to function normally, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections
what is type 1 hypersensitivity? cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?
- IgE
- antibody mediated
- allergic reaction
- hay fever, seasonal allergies, and asthma
what is type 2 hypersensitivity?cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?
- IgM and IgG blinding to tissue-specific antigens
- antibody mediated
- phagocytosis or complement system
- hemolysis in drug reaction and graves disease
what is the mechanism of myasthenia gravis? what type of hypersensitivity is this?
- neuromuscular junction
- acetylcholine receptors
- striations of skeletal and cardiac muscles
- type 2
- autoimmune disease
what is the mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis? what type of hypersensitivity is this?
- joints
- collagen, IgG
what is the mechanism of systemic lupus erythematosus? what type of hypersensitivity is this?
- multiple sites
- numerous antigens in nuclei, organelles, and extracellular matrix
- type 3
what is the mechanism of graves disease? what type of hypersensitivity is this?
- type 2
- thyroid gland
- receptors for thyroid stimulating hormone on plasma membrane of thyroid cells
what is type 3 hypersensitivity? cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?
- immune complex mediated
- IgM and IgG
- antibody mediated
- not organ specific
- gluten allergy
- systemic: serum sickness
- local: arthus reaction
type 4 hypersensitivity? cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?
- t cell mediated tissue reaction
- poison ivy allergy and metals
- cell mediated
what is the RAA pathway?
- dehydration or hemorrhage
- decrease blood volume
- decrease bp
- juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys
- increased renin
- angiotensinogen
- angiotensinogen 1
- lungs
- angiotensinogen 2
- adrenal cortex
- increased aldosterone
- increased sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
- increased bp
what is molecular mimicry? what is an example?
- autoimmunity
- strep throat has protein mimicry which causes rheumatic fever
what is a sequela?
when a disease leads to another disease
what is anaphylaxis? what are some examples? what are some s&s? how long does this reaction take to occur?
- allergic reaction
- bee sting, shellfish
- inflammation, trouble breathing, hives
- seconds
what mediator does a mast cell have inside of it?
histamine
what type of hypersenstivity uses mast cells?
type 1
what are some examples of alloimmunity?
- transfusion reactions
- transient neonatal alloimmunity
- transplant rejection
what is it called when the baby has rh+ blood and the mother has rh- blood?
- alloimmunity
- transient neonatal alloimmunity
how are host-versus-graft diseases classified?
- by time
- hyper acute: instant
- acute: first few months
- chronic: prolonged
what does a transplant rejection depend on?
MHC between donor and recipient
how do you desensitize a type one hypersensitivity reaction?
injections of small amounts of the allergen with increasing amounts over time
what are the symptoms of serum sickness?
- fever
- enlarged lymph nodes
- rash
- pain
- Raynaud phenomenon
what are the symptoms of arthus reaction? how do you get this?
- edema
- hemorrhage
- clotting
- tissue damage
- from injection or inhalation
what is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
- when the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+
- nothing happens during first pregnancy
- 2nd pregnancy it will hurt the mother and babies
is HIV and AIDS congenital or acquired?
acquired
how low can CD4 cells get when it is considered AIDS?
< 200
what are the treatments for immunodeficiencies?
- gamma globulin therapy
- transplantation and transfusion
- treatment with soluble immune mediators
- gene therapy
what is Raynaud phenomenon? what can this end in?
- perfusion disease
- white, blue, red
- reperfusion injury
your child comes inside after playing with his friends and complains of itchy skin. You notice hives covering his arms and face appears flushed. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this? what antibody mediates this?
- type 2
- IgE
do type 1 hypersensitivity reactions have an immediate response?
yes
what are some common triggers for anaphylactic shock?
peanuts, shellfish, and bee stings
what cells are involved in type 1 hypersensitivity?
- B cells
- mast cells
which hypersensitivity has a delayed response?
type 4
a gentleman has a rash between his toes that burns and constantly itches. what would your pre-emptive diagnosis be? aka what?
- tinea pedis
- athletes foot
a child presents to the clinic with facial anomalies and no thymus development. what is this child suffering from?
digeorge syndrome
what cells do HIV kill? aka what?
- CD4
- helper t cells
what drug do patients with HIV and AIDS get prescribed?
HAART
