Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > ch 4: altered cellular and tissue biology > Flashcards

ch 4: altered cellular and tissue biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is cellular adaptation? how long does it last? what does it do?

A
  • a protective mechanism
  • only temporary
  • enhances cell function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 types of cellular adaptation? what happens with each?

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two types of atrophy?

A
  • physiologic atrophy

- pathologic atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when is physiology atrophy common?

A

during early development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does pathologic atrophy occur? what does it depend on?

A
  • can be local or generalized

- depends on underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is disuse atrophy?

A

decreases in workload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is denervation atrophy?

A

loss of innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is ischemic atrophy?

A

lack of blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is senile atrophy?

A

aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the atrophic changes?

A
  • decreased mitochondria
  • increased protein catabolism
  • increased autophagic vacuoles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what cells are most often affected by atrophy?

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • heart
  • brain
  • sex organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is another name for protein catabolism?

A

degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is physiology hypertrophy commonly associated with?

A

exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is pathologic hypertrophy induced by?

A

workload requirments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 2 types of signals for hypertrophy?

A
  • mechanical signals: stretching

- trophic signals: growth factors, hormones, and vasoactive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does hypertrophy increase?

A
  • functional tissue mass
  • organelles
  • protein synthesis
  • demand on cell due to increase workload
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what cells are most often affected by hypertrophy?

A
  • non-dividing cells
  • skeletal muscles
  • myocardium
  • kidney cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two types of physiologic hyperplasia?

A
  • compensatory: regeneration of organ tissue

- hormonal: estrogen dependent organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the common cells of compensatory physiologic hyperplasia?

A
  • liver
  • epidermal layers
  • interstitial epithelia
  • bone marrow cells
  • fibroblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the common cells of hormonal physiologic hyperplasia?

A
  • mammary

- uterine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when can hormonal physiologic hyperplasia often occur in conjunction with hypertrophy?

A

pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is pathologic hyperplasia? what tissue is commonly involved?

A
  • abnormal proliferation in response to excessive hormonal stimuli or growth factor
  • endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the increased hyperplasia changes?

A
  • mitotic activity
  • DNA synthesis
  • production of growth factors in dividing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

REVERSIBLE replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the characteristics of metaplasia?

A
  • reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated cells
  • occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation
  • common with smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when is metaplasia reversible?

A

if causative factor is removed before a cancer develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is dysplasia?

A
  • deranged cellular growth

- abnormal changes in size, shape, type or organization of mature cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is atypical hyperplasia?

A

not true adaptive change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

mechanism of dysplasia?

A
  • chronic or severe irritation or inflammation
  • potentially reversible if improper stimuli removed
  • often leading to cancer
  • can be mild, moderate, or severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the common tissues associated with dysplasia?

A
  • uterine
  • cervix
  • breast tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is neoplasia?

A
  • altered cell differentiation or growth

- aka cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is atrophy?

A

decreased cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increased cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increased cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is autophagy?

A

eating one self

37
Q

what is cellular injury?

A

unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of injurious stimuli

38
Q

what is the mechanism of hypoxia?

A
  • reversibility
  • depends on duration, degree of deprivation, and metabolic needs of cell
  • sudden onset leads to anoxia (irreversible)
  • gradual onset is reversible and adaptation occurs, usually atrophy
39
Q

what are the 6 main categories of cell injury?

A
  • hypoxic injury
  • free radicals and reactive oxygen species
  • chemical injury
  • unintentional and intentional injury
  • infectious injury
  • immunologic and inflammatory injury
40
Q

what is hypoxic injury? what are the four types?

A
  • lack of sufficient oxygen
  • single most common cause of cellular injury
  • hypoxemia
  • ischemia
  • anemia
  • histotoxic
41
Q

what is hypoxemia? what can cause this?

A
  • insufficient oxygen reaching blood cells
  • decrease amounts of oxygen in the air
  • deficiency of respiratory system
  • occluded airway
  • emphysema
42
Q

what is ischemia? what is it the most common cause of? what causes this?

A
  • failure to transport o2 due to reduced blood supply
  • cause of hypoxia
  • blockage in delivery of blood to the cells; MI, stroke, arteriosclerosis
  • cardiovascular disease; congestive heart failure
43
Q

what is anemia? what is it caused by?

A
  • reduction of o2 carrying capacity of blood
  • decrease in number RBC
  • loss of hemoglobin or hemoglobin function
44
Q

what is histotoxic?

A

impaired use of o2 by cell

45
Q

what is the mechanism of hypoxia?

A
  • reperfusion injury restoration of o2 may cause additional injury
  • result of formation of highly reactive oxygen interemediates
  • may result in cell necrosis bc cell has become adapted to lowered oxygen state
46
Q

what are free radicals and reactive o2 species injury?

A
  • atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons
  • highly reactive
  • low chemical specificity to it can bond to molecules in membranes and nucleic acids
  • microwaves and tvs
47
Q

what are the 4 main injury mechanisms for free radicals?

A
  • lipid peroxidation
  • fragmentation of polypeptide chains
  • alteration of DNA by breakage of single strands
  • damaging mitochondria, liberating calcium
48
Q

what is a cellular injury? what is the common injury target?

A
  • toxic substance reacts with the cellular membrane
  • creates increases permeability
  • blocks enzymatic pathways
  • liver
49
Q

what are some examples of chemical injury?

A
  • lead exposure
  • carbon monoxide
  • alcoholism
  • marijuana
50
Q

what are some systems that are injured from lead exposure poisoning?

A
  • nervous system
  • hematopoietic system
  • kidneys or the urologic system
51
Q

what are some symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
  • headache
  • giddiness
  • tinnitus
  • chest pain
  • confusion
  • nausea
  • weakness
  • vomiting
52
Q

what are some symptoms of alcoholism?

A
  • pancreatitis

- liver failure

53
Q

what is anthropogenic?

A

causes from human activity releasing mercury to the air

54
Q

what are symptoms and signs of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • growth retardation
  • facial anomalies
  • cognitive impairment
  • ocular malformation
55
Q

what is an asphyxial injury?

A

caused by failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

56
Q

what is suffocation?

A

oxygen failing to reach blood

57
Q

what kind of wound has a high risk for infection?

A

puncture wound

58
Q

what is a contusion? what is it most commonly associated with?

A
  • bruise
  • bleeding into skin or underlying tissue
  • skull fracture
59
Q

what is a laceration?

A
  • tear or rip resulting when tensile strength of skin or tissue is exceeded
  • irregular edges
60
Q

what is a fracture?

A

blunt force blows or impacts that can cause bone to break or shatter

61
Q

what is a incised wound?

A
  • longer than it is deep
  • significant external bleeding
  • distinct edges
  • superficial lacerations
62
Q

what is a stab wound?

A

penetrating sharp force injury that is deeper than it is long

63
Q

what is a puncture wound?

A
  • instruments or objects with sharp points but without a sharp edge produce puncture wounds
  • stepping on a nail
  • pricked with a needle
64
Q

what is a chopping wound?

A
  • heavy, edged instruments produce wounds with a combination of sharp and blunt force characteristics
  • axes, hatchets, propeller blades
65
Q

what is a contact range entrance wound?

A
  • gun is held so the muzzle presses on skin surface
  • searing of edges of wound from flame
  • soot or smoke on edges of wound
  • severe tearing and disruption of tissue
66
Q

what is a intermediate range entrance wound? what is tattooing and stippling?

A
  • surrounded by gunpowder
  • tattooing is from the burning from gunpowder
  • stippling is when is does not break the skin
67
Q

what is an indeterminate range entrance wound?

A

-when flame, soot, or gunpowder does not reach the skins surface but the bullet does

68
Q

what is an exit wound?

A

-on the opposite side from the entrance wound

69
Q

what is an entrance wound?

A

-on the side where the bullet is shot at

70
Q

what is the most common manifestation?

A

inflammation

71
Q

what is an immunologic and inflammatory injury?

A

phagocytosis and inflammation

72
Q

what can manefestations cause a cell to do?

A

not function normally

73
Q

what does cellular swelling cause? what is it usually due to?

A
  • edema

- hypoxic injury

74
Q

what is oncosis?

A

cell death as a result of failure of the sodium potassium pump

75
Q

what level is excess bilirubin the cells?

A

1.5-2 mg/dl of plasma

76
Q

what can excess bilirubin the blood do to the cells?

A

damage the membranes because of the lipid is lipid soluble

77
Q

what is necrosis?

A

not organized cell death

78
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

organized cell death

79
Q

what are the different types of necrosis?

A
  • coagulative
  • fat
  • liquefactive
  • caseous
  • gangrene
80
Q

what is fat necrosis? examples?

A
  • cell death of the muscular tissues
  • post heart attack
  • hypoxic injury
81
Q

what is coagulative necrosis? examples?

A
  • action of lipases

- liver, pancreas, breasts

82
Q

what is liquefactative necrosis? examples?

A
  • liquid
  • bacterial infection
  • strokes
  • glial cells
  • e coli
83
Q

what is caseous necrosis? examples?

A
  • combination of coagulative and liquefactative
  • TB
  • inflammation response
84
Q

what are the different types of gangrene necrosis?

A
  • dry
  • wet
  • gas
85
Q

what is gas gangrene?

A
  • HAI
  • poor wound care
  • result of bacterial infection
  • smelly
  • rotting flesh
86
Q

what is dry gangrene?

A
  • most common
  • diabetics lose appendages
  • usually due to interference with arterial blood supply
87
Q

what is wet gangrene?

A

-neutrophils invade site

88
Q

what is pathologic apoptosis?

A

cancer

Pathophysiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions