ch 24: cardiovascular diseases Flashcards
what are symptoms of left sided heart failure? whats it caused by? what is it AKA?
- systemic causes, pulmonary symptoms
- orthopnea, dyspnea, SOB, pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension, frothy sputum with cough, decreased urine output
- systemic heart failure and hypertrophy of the left ventricle
what are symptoms of right sided heart failure? whats it caused by? what is it AKA?
- caused by left sided heart failure
- pulmonary causes, systemic symptoms
- hepatosplenomegaly, pitting edema, varcies veins, and portal HTN
- diastolic heart failure
what are the 9 steps of arteriosclerosis?
- endothelial damage
- complement cascades causing chemotaxis
- chemotaxins recruit platelets to repair damage
- macrophages are recruited
- macrophages engulf LDLs
- macrophages migrate in between the tunica intima and tunica media
- macrophages oxidate the LDLs forming foam cells
- fatty streaks are formed and make plaque
- collagen and elastin lay on the plaque to make it fibrous
what is atherogenesis?
-process of forming atheromas in the inner lining of the arteries
what are risk factors for atherosclerosis?
- high bp
- diabetes
what is atherosclerosis?
chronic thickening of the arteries with plaque buildup
what are the 3 main causes of an aneurysm?
- atherosclerosis
- trauma
- idiopathic
what is the main cause of secondaryy HTN?
renal disease
what is a thrombus? embolism?
- a blood clot that is attached to a blood vessel wall and does not move
- embolisms travel
what are varicose veins?
unpatent valvular structures with pools of blood
what is primary hypertension bp? what % of individuals does this effect?
140/90
95%
what organ is the workhorse behind the cardiovascular system?
kidneys
a 55 yr old shows up with fatigue and dyspnea, but nothing shows up on the ECG. what ischemia would the nurse suspect?
-silent ischemia
what are some characteristics of a myocardial infarction?
- less than 20 min
- reversible
- chest pain
- plaque build up
- hot and clammy
what is the cause of bacterial endocarditis?
rheumatic fever