Final exam definitions Flashcards
Active transport
-Movement of particles from lower to higher concentration using energy from ATP that has been created during respiration.
-Movement is through carrier proteins.
Amphipathic
A molecule that is partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic.
Autotrophic
An organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances.
Bilayer
Two rows of phospholipids, with the fatty acids pointing towards each other and the phosphates on the outside.
Cell cycle
Cells arise by the division of existing cells, grow, and then divide.
Cell respiration
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.
Chemiosmosis
The process by which the synthesis of ATP is coupled to electron transport via the movement of protons.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm.
Deamination
The removal of NH2 from an amino acid.
Decarboxylation
Chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide.
Activation energy
The energy required by a substrate molecule before it can undergo a chemical change.
Active site
A region of an enzyme molecule where the substrate molecule binds.
Adhesion
The force by which individual molecules stick to surrounding materials and surfaces.
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions.
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers.
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts are effective in small amounts and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Cohesion
The force by which individual molecules stick together.
Competitive inhibitor
A substance that binds to the active site, slowing down or blocking enzyme action.
Condensation
A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing water as a by-product.
Denatured
When a protein loses its three-dimentional shape.
End-product inhibition
When the product of the last reaction in a metabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyses the first reaction of the pathway.
Enzyme
A biological catalyst made of protein.
Enzyme inhibitor
A substance which slows or blocks enzyme action.
Hydrolysis
A chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance, splitting it into smaller subunits.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water; hydrogen bonds readily form between the phosphate head and water molecules.
Isomer
Two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule, and different corresponding properties.
Metabolic pathway
A sequence of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions in cells.
Metabolism
The web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism.
Monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Non-competitive inhibitor
A substance that does not bind to the active site but to another part of the enzyme, slowing or blocking enzyme action.
Product
What the substrate is converted into in a reaction where the substrate is catalyzed by an enzyme.
Rate of reaction
The amount of substrate that has disappeared from a reaction mixture, or the amount of product that has accumulated, in a period of time.
Substrate
The starting substrate in a reaction catalysed by an enzyme. It is the molecule is acted upon by the enzyme.
Synthesis
The production a new substance as a result of a chemical or biological reaction involving simpler substances.
Diffusion
-Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration through the phospholipid bilayer.
-Movement is passive (no direct energy is needed).
DNA sequencing
Investigation of the sequence of bases in particular lengths of DNA.
Electron carrier
A substance that can accept and release electrons.
Endocytosis
The formation of vesicles as the plasma membrane pinches inwards, taking material into the cell.
Epigenetics
-The study of heritable changes in gene activity that are not caused by changes in the DNA base sequences.
-Mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modifications.
Exocytosis
Vesicles fuse with the membrane and material is exported from the cell.
Exon
The section of the gene that carries meaningful information (that codes for amino acids).
Facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of particles from higher to lower concentration through integral proteins (carrier or channel proteins).
Gel electroporesis
A process used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size.
Gene
A heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and infleunces a specific characteristic.
Genetic profiling
The identification of individual organisms or species using DNA.
Genome
The whole of the genetic information of an organism.
Genotype
The ‘genetic makeup’ of a person; the genetic information in the cell.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Hypertonic
When the external solution is more concentrates (has a higher solute potential) than the cell solution (cytosol) and there is a net flow of water out of the cell by osmosis).
Hypotonic
WHen the external solution is less concentrated (has a lower solute potential) than the cell solution (cytosol) and there is a net inflow of water into the cell by somosis.
Intron
Non-coding nucleotide sequence of the DNA of chromosomes, present in eukaryotic chromosomes.
Isotonic
When the external solution is the same concentration (has the same solute potential) as the cell solution (cytosol) and there is no net entry or exit of water from the cell by osmosis.
Methylation
The reversible addition of a methyl group (-CH3) within the chromatin, to histone tails or usually to the DNA molecule itself.
Mitotic index
The number of cells undergoing mitosis divided by the total number of cells visible.
Mutation
A change in the amount or the chemical structure (i.e. base sequence) of DNA of a chromosome.
Osmolarity
The concentration of a solution expresed as the total number of solute particles per liter.
Osmosis
The passive diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a lower to higher solute concentration.
Passive transport
No direct energy needed.
Phenotype
The outward effect of the genotype on the body.
Phenotypic expression
Physical characteristics.
Photophosphorylation
The formation of ATP using light energy (in the light-dependent step of photosynthesis in the grana).
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technology used to amplify a single piece or very few pieces of DNA, generating many thousands of copies.
Promotor
A region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
Saprotrophs
Heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion.
Transcription
The synthesis of mRNA copies from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerases.
Transcription factor
Protein that binds to specific DNA sequences to control the transcription of mRNA.
Translation
The synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.
Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)
-Short base sequences that show variation between individuals in terms of number of repeats.
-These major lengths of noncoding DNA are used in genetic profiling.
Supercoil
A DNA double helix that has undergone additional twisting in the same direction as, or in the opposite direction from, the turns in the original helix.
Heritable
Can be passed from one generation to another, from parents to offspring.
Balanced diet
Essential and non-essential nutrients, taken in correct proportions.
Bile salts
Organic salts composed of cholic acid, which is manufactured by the liver from cholesterol, that are combined with an amino acid-sodium complex.
Diabetes
Failure to regulate blood glucose levels.
Diabetic
A person whose body is failing to regulate blood glucose levels correctly.
Dietary minerals
Essential chemical elements that cannot be made by the body.
Digestive juice
The fluid secreted onto food in the gut to aid digestion.
Community
A group of populations of different species living and interacting with each other in a habitat.
Consumers
Heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion.
Detritivores
Heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients by internal digestion.
Ecology
The study of living things in their environment.
Ecosystem
A community of organisms and the environment in which they live and interact.
Endopeptidase
A protease enzyme that breaks peptide linkages in the interior of the protein, producing shorter-chain polypeptides.
Endothelium
The innermost lining layer of arteries and veins. It is once cell thick, and is very smooth, reducing friction between blood cells and blood vessels.
Essential nutrient
A nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore, has to be included in the diet.
Exsitu conservation
The preservation of species outside their natural habitats
Food chain
A sequence of organisms within a habitat in which each is the food of the next, starting with a producer, which is photosynthetic.