Final Exam- bold definitions from book (chapter 6-11) Flashcards
Mean
a statistical measure of central tendency that is the average score of a group of scores
Pearson Product moment coefficient of correlation
the most commonly used method of computing correlation between tow variables; also called interclass or pearson r.
T-test
a statistical technique to assess differences between two groups
inference
the generalization of results to some larger groups
sample
a group of participants, treatments, or situation selected from a larger population
Population
the larger group from which a sample is taken
random numbers table
a table in which numbers are arranged in two digit set so that any combination of rows or columns is unrelated
stratified random sampling
a method of stratifying a population on some characteristic before random selection of the sample
Unit of analysis
the concept, related to sampling and statistical analysis, that refers to what is considered the most basic unit from which data can be produced
Power (statistical)
the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis
central tendency ( measure of )
a single score that best represents all the scores
variability
the degree of difference between each individual score and the central tendency score
Standard error
the variability of the sampling distribution
Standard deviation
an estimate of the variability of the scores of a group aroudn the mean
variance
the square of the standard deviation
median
a statistical measure of central tendency that is the middle score in a group
mode
a statistical measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring score of the group.
frequency distribution
a distribution of scores including the frequency with which they occur
frequency intervals
small ranges of scores within a frequency distribution into which scores are grouped
stem and leaf display
a method of organizing raw scores by which score intervals are shown on the left side of a vertical line and individual scores falling into each interval are shown on the right side
Parametric statistical test
tests based on data assumptions of normal distribution and equal variance, and independence of observations
Nonparametric statistical test
any of a number of statistical techniques used when the data do not meet the assumptions required to perform parametric test
distribution free
a term used to describe nonparametric statistical tests, because the data distribution requirements for a parametric test do not have to be met.
skewness
a description of the direction f the hump of the curve of the data distribution and the nature of the tails of the curve.
kurtosis
a description of the vertical characteristic of the curve showing the data distribution such as whether the curve is more peaked or flatter than the normal curve.
normal curve
a distribution of data in which the mean, median, and mode are at the same point and in which +1s from the mean includes 68% of the scores, +2s from the mean includes 95% of the scores and +3s includes 99% of the scores.
Alpha (x)
a level of probability (of chance occurrence) set by the experimenter before the study ( level fo significances)
type 1 error
rejection of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true
type 2 error
acceptance of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false
truth table
a graphic representation of correct and incorrect decisions regarding type 1 and type 2 error
beta
the magnitude of a type 2 error
meaningfulness
the importance or practical significance of an effect or relationship
effect size
the standardized value that is the difference between the means divided by the standard deviation also called delta
context
the interrelationships found in the real-world setting
Coefficient of correlation
a quantitative value of th rlationship between two or more variables that can range from .00 to 1 in either a positive or negative direction
positive correlation
a relationship between two variables in which a small value for one variable is associated with a small value for another variable, and a large value for one variable is associated with a large value for the other.
negative correlation
a relationship between two variables in which a small value for the first variable is associated with a large value for the second variable and a large value for the first variable is associated with a small value for the second variable
Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation
the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variables also called interclass, correlation, simple correlation or pearson r
significance
the reliability of or confidence in the likelihood of a statistic occuring again if the study were repeated
Coefficent of determination (r2)
the squared correlation coefficient; used in interpreting the meaningfulness of correlation
relative strenght
the measure of a person ability to exert maximal force in relation to his or her size
fisher transformation
a method of approximating normality of a sampling distribution of linear relationship by transforming coeffiecients of correlation to z values
Prediction equation
a formula to predict some criterion based on the relationship between the predictor variable and the criterion also called regression equation
line of best fit
the calculated regression line that results in the smallest sum of squares of the vertical distances of every point from the line
abscissa
the horizontal or the x axis of the graph
ordinate
the vertical or y axis of a graph
residual scores
the difference between the predicted nd actual scores that represent the error of prediction
standard error of prediction
the computation of the standard deviation of all of the residual scores of a population the amount of error expected in a prediction also called standard error of estimate
spurious correlation
a relationship in which the correlation between two variables is due primarily to the common influence of another variable
semipartial correlation
a technique in whcih just one variable is partialed out from two variables in a correlation
multiple regression
a model used for predicting a criterion from two or more independent or predictor, variables
shrinkage
the tendency for the validity to decrease when the prediction formula is used with a new sample
population specificity
a phenomenon whereby a regression equation that was developed with a particular sample loses considerable accuracy when applied to others
Factor analysis
a statistical technique used to reduce a set of data by grouping similar variables into basic components
Linear structural relations
a statistical approach used to establish relationships and examine the structural equation models
R2
a method of interpreting the meaningfulness of the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; the proportion of total variance that is due to the treatments
independent t test
the most frequently used test to determine whether two sample means differ reliably from each other
dependent t test
a test of the significance of differences between the means of two sets of scores that are related such as when the same participants are measured on two occasions
True variance
the portion of the difference in scores that is real
error variance
the portion of the scores that is attributed to participant variability
two- tailed t test
a test that assumes that the difference between the two means could favor either groups
one tailed t test
a test that assumes that the difference between the two means lies in one direction only
analysis of variance (anova)
a test that allows the evaluation of the null hypothesis between two or more groups means
sum of squares
a measure of variability of scores; the sum of the squared deviation from the means of the scores
planned comparision
a comparison among groups that is planned before the experiment rather than as a follow up of a test such as anova
factorial anova
an analysis of variance in which there is more than one independent variable
main effects
test of each independent variable when all other independent variables are held constant
State anxiety
an immediate emotional state of apprehension and tension in response to a specific situation
reapeated measures anova
an analysis of scores fro the same individuals on successive occasions such as a series of test trails asl called split plot anova
analysis of covariancee
a combination of regression and anova that statistically adjust the dependent variable for some distractor variable called the covariate
covariate
a distractor variable that is statistically controlled in ancova and mancova
nominal measure
a method of classifying data into categories such as sex age grade level or treatment groups
chi square
statistical test of the significance of the discrepancy between the observed and the expected results
contingency table
a two way classification of occurrences and groups that is used for computing the significance of the differences between observed and expected scores
Yates correction for continuity
a method of correction a 2x2 contingency table by subtractin .5 from the difference between the observed and expected frequencies for each cell before it is squared
contingency coeffieient
a method of computing the relationship between dichotomous variables such as sex and race
loglinear models
a system that analyzes multivariate contingency tables by transforming relative frequencies into logarithms
logit
the probability of membership in a particular category as a function of membership in other categories in multivariate contingency tables
Predictive validity
the degree to which scores of predictor variables can accurately predict criterion scores
shrinkage
the loss of predictive power when statistics are calculated on a different sample
cross validation
a technique to assess the accuracy of a prediction formula in which the formula is applied to a sample not used in developing theformula
concurrent validity
a type of criterion validity in which a measuring instrument is correlated with some criterion that is administered concurrently or at about the same time.
expectancy table
a two way grid that predicts whether individuals with a particular assessment score will attain some criterion scores
know group difference method
a method used fro establishing construct validity in which the test scores of groups that should differ on a trait or ability are compared
observed score
in classical test theory and obtained scores that comprises a person true score and error scores
true score
in classical test theory the part of the observed score that represents the person real score and does not contain measurement error
error score
in classical test theory the part of an observed score that is attributed to measurement error
interclass correlation
the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variable
intraclass correlation
an anova technique used for estimating the reliability of a measure
intertester reliability
the degree to whcih different testers can obtain the same scores on the same participants also called objectivity
stability
a coeffiecnt of reliability measure by the test retest method of different days
test retest method
a method of determining stability in which a test is given one day and then administered exactly as before a day or so later
alternate forms method
a method of establishing reliability involving the construction of two test that both supposedly sample the same material
internal consistency
an estimate of the reliability that represents the consistency of scores within a test
same day test retest method
a method of establishing reliability in which a test is given twice to the same participants on the same day
split half technique
a method of testing reliability in which the test is divided in two usually by making the odd numbered items one half and the even numbered items the other half the two halves are then correlated
spearman brown prophecy formula
an equation developed to estimate the reliability of the entire test when the split half technique is used to test reliability
coefficient alpha
a technique used for estimating the reliability of multiple trail test
objectivity
the degree to whcih different testers can achieve the same scores on the same subjects also known as intertester reliability
interobserver agreement
a common way of estimating reliability among coders by using a formula that divides the number of agreement in behavior coding by the sum of the agreements and disagreements
z scores
the basic standard score that converts raw scores to units of standard deviation in which the mean is zero and a standard deviation is 1.0
t scale
a type of standard score that sets the mean at 50 and standard deviation at 10 to remove the decimal found in z scored and to make all scores positive
Rating scale
a measure of behavior that involves a subjective evaluation based on a checklist of criteria
rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
a self rating scale developed by borg to measure a person perceived effort during E. (1962)
leniency
the tendency for observers to be overly generous in rating
Likert type scale
a type of closer question that requires the participants to respond by choosing one of several scaled responses; the intervals between items are assumed to be equal
semantic differential scalee
a scale used to measure affective behavior in whcih the respondent is asked to make judgments about certain concepts by choosing one of seven intervals between bipolar adjectives
Items analysis
the process in analyzing knowledge tests in whcih the suitability of test items and their ability to discriminate are evaluated
item difficulty
the analysis of the difficulty of each test item in a knowledge test, determined by dividing the number of people who correctly answered the item by the number of people who responded to the item
index of discrimination
the degree to which a test item discriminated between people who did well on the entire test and those who did poorly
central tendency error
an error that results when the rater gives an inordinate number or ratings in the middle of the scale avoiding the extremes of the scale
halo effect
a threat to internal validity wherein raters allow precious impressions or knowledge about certain people to influence all rating of those people behaviors
proximity error
an error that results when a rater considers behaviors to be more nearly the same when they are listed close together on a scale than when they are separated by some distance
observer bias error
an error that results when raters are influenced by their own characteristics and prejudices
observer expectation error
an error that results when a rater sees evidence of certain expected behaviors and interprets observations in the expected direction
Classical test theory
a measurement theory built on the concept that observed scoreds are composed of the true score and an error scores
item response theory
a theory that focuses on the characteristics of the test item and the examinee response to the item as a means of determining the examinee ability
Item characteristic curve
a nonlinear regression curve for a test item that increase from left to right indication an increase in the probability of a correct response with increased ability or latent trait
parameter invariance
a postulate in item response theory that the item difficulty remains constant regardless of the population s of examinees and that examinees abilities should not change when a different set of test items is administered
item banking
the creation of large pools of test items that can be used for construction test that have certain characteristics concerning the precision of estimating latent ability
adaptive testing
selecting test items that best fit the ability level of each person
validity
the degree to which a test or instument measures what it purports to measure; can be categorized as logical, content, criterion, construct
logical validity
the degree to whcih a measure obviously involves the performance being measured ( face validity )
content validity
the degree to which a test adequately samples what was covered in the course
criterion validity
the degree to which scores ona test are related to some recognized standard or criterion
construct validity
the degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct usually established by relating the test results to some behavior
Probability
the odds that a certain event will occur
equally likely event s
a concept of probability in which the chances of one event occurring are the same as the chances of another event occurring
relative frequency
a concept of probability concerning the comparative likelihood of two or more events occurring
Correlation
a statistical technique used to determine the relationship between two or more variables
step test
a test used to measure caridorespiratory fitness involving the measurement of pulse rate after stepping up and down on a bench
