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Research Methods > Final Exam- bold definitions from book (chapter 6-11) > Flashcards

Final Exam- bold definitions from book (chapter 6-11) Flashcards

1
Q

Mean

A

a statistical measure of central tendency that is the average score of a group of scores

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2
Q

Pearson Product moment coefficient of correlation

A

the most commonly used method of computing correlation between tow variables; also called interclass or pearson r.

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3
Q

T-test

A

a statistical technique to assess differences between two groups

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4
Q

inference

A

the generalization of results to some larger groups

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5
Q

sample

A

a group of participants, treatments, or situation selected from a larger population

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6
Q

Population

A

the larger group from which a sample is taken

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7
Q

random numbers table

A

a table in which numbers are arranged in two digit set so that any combination of rows or columns is unrelated

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8
Q

stratified random sampling

A

a method of stratifying a population on some characteristic before random selection of the sample

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9
Q

Unit of analysis

A

the concept, related to sampling and statistical analysis, that refers to what is considered the most basic unit from which data can be produced

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10
Q

Power (statistical)

A

the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis

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11
Q

central tendency ( measure of )

A

a single score that best represents all the scores

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12
Q

variability

A

the degree of difference between each individual score and the central tendency score

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13
Q

Standard error

A

the variability of the sampling distribution

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14
Q

Standard deviation

A

an estimate of the variability of the scores of a group aroudn the mean

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15
Q

variance

A

the square of the standard deviation

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16
Q

median

A

a statistical measure of central tendency that is the middle score in a group

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17
Q

mode

A

a statistical measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring score of the group.

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18
Q

frequency distribution

A

a distribution of scores including the frequency with which they occur

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19
Q

frequency intervals

A

small ranges of scores within a frequency distribution into which scores are grouped

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20
Q

stem and leaf display

A

a method of organizing raw scores by which score intervals are shown on the left side of a vertical line and individual scores falling into each interval are shown on the right side

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21
Q

Parametric statistical test

A

tests based on data assumptions of normal distribution and equal variance, and independence of observations

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22
Q

Nonparametric statistical test

A

any of a number of statistical techniques used when the data do not meet the assumptions required to perform parametric test

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23
Q

distribution free

A

a term used to describe nonparametric statistical tests, because the data distribution requirements for a parametric test do not have to be met.

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24
Q

skewness

A

a description of the direction f the hump of the curve of the data distribution and the nature of the tails of the curve.

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25
Q

kurtosis

A

a description of the vertical characteristic of the curve showing the data distribution such as whether the curve is more peaked or flatter than the normal curve.

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26
Q

normal curve

A

a distribution of data in which the mean, median, and mode are at the same point and in which +1s from the mean includes 68% of the scores, +2s from the mean includes 95% of the scores and +3s includes 99% of the scores.

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27
Q

Alpha (x)

A

a level of probability (of chance occurrence) set by the experimenter before the study ( level fo significances)

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28
Q

type 1 error

A

rejection of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true

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29
Q

type 2 error

A

acceptance of the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false

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30
Q

truth table

A

a graphic representation of correct and incorrect decisions regarding type 1 and type 2 error

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31
Q

beta

A

the magnitude of a type 2 error

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32
Q

meaningfulness

A

the importance or practical significance of an effect or relationship

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33
Q

effect size

A

the standardized value that is the difference between the means divided by the standard deviation also called delta

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34
Q

context

A

the interrelationships found in the real-world setting

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35
Q

Coefficient of correlation

A

a quantitative value of th rlationship between two or more variables that can range from .00 to 1 in either a positive or negative direction

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36
Q

positive correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which a small value for one variable is associated with a small value for another variable, and a large value for one variable is associated with a large value for the other.

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37
Q

negative correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which a small value for the first variable is associated with a large value for the second variable and a large value for the first variable is associated with a small value for the second variable

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38
Q

Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation

A

the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variables also called interclass, correlation, simple correlation or pearson r

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39
Q

significance

A

the reliability of or confidence in the likelihood of a statistic occuring again if the study were repeated

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40
Q

Coefficent of determination (r2)

A

the squared correlation coefficient; used in interpreting the meaningfulness of correlation

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41
Q

relative strenght

A

the measure of a person ability to exert maximal force in relation to his or her size

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42
Q

fisher transformation

A

a method of approximating normality of a sampling distribution of linear relationship by transforming coeffiecients of correlation to z values

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43
Q

Prediction equation

A

a formula to predict some criterion based on the relationship between the predictor variable and the criterion also called regression equation

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44
Q

line of best fit

A

the calculated regression line that results in the smallest sum of squares of the vertical distances of every point from the line

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45
Q

abscissa

A

the horizontal or the x axis of the graph

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46
Q

ordinate

A

the vertical or y axis of a graph

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47
Q

residual scores

A

the difference between the predicted nd actual scores that represent the error of prediction

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48
Q

standard error of prediction

A

the computation of the standard deviation of all of the residual scores of a population the amount of error expected in a prediction also called standard error of estimate

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49
Q

spurious correlation

A

a relationship in which the correlation between two variables is due primarily to the common influence of another variable

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50
Q

semipartial correlation

A

a technique in whcih just one variable is partialed out from two variables in a correlation

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51
Q

multiple regression

A

a model used for predicting a criterion from two or more independent or predictor, variables

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52
Q

shrinkage

A

the tendency for the validity to decrease when the prediction formula is used with a new sample

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53
Q

population specificity

A

a phenomenon whereby a regression equation that was developed with a particular sample loses considerable accuracy when applied to others

54
Q

Factor analysis

A

a statistical technique used to reduce a set of data by grouping similar variables into basic components

55
Q

Linear structural relations

A

a statistical approach used to establish relationships and examine the structural equation models

56
Q

R2

A

a method of interpreting the meaningfulness of the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; the proportion of total variance that is due to the treatments

57
Q

independent t test

A

the most frequently used test to determine whether two sample means differ reliably from each other

58
Q

dependent t test

A

a test of the significance of differences between the means of two sets of scores that are related such as when the same participants are measured on two occasions

59
Q

True variance

A

the portion of the difference in scores that is real

60
Q

error variance

A

the portion of the scores that is attributed to participant variability

61
Q

two- tailed t test

A

a test that assumes that the difference between the two means could favor either groups

62
Q

one tailed t test

A

a test that assumes that the difference between the two means lies in one direction only

63
Q

analysis of variance (anova)

A

a test that allows the evaluation of the null hypothesis between two or more groups means

64
Q

sum of squares

A

a measure of variability of scores; the sum of the squared deviation from the means of the scores

65
Q

planned comparision

A

a comparison among groups that is planned before the experiment rather than as a follow up of a test such as anova

66
Q

factorial anova

A

an analysis of variance in which there is more than one independent variable

67
Q

main effects

A

test of each independent variable when all other independent variables are held constant

68
Q

State anxiety

A

an immediate emotional state of apprehension and tension in response to a specific situation

69
Q

reapeated measures anova

A

an analysis of scores fro the same individuals on successive occasions such as a series of test trails asl called split plot anova

70
Q

analysis of covariancee

A

a combination of regression and anova that statistically adjust the dependent variable for some distractor variable called the covariate

71
Q

covariate

A

a distractor variable that is statistically controlled in ancova and mancova

72
Q

nominal measure

A

a method of classifying data into categories such as sex age grade level or treatment groups

73
Q

chi square

A

statistical test of the significance of the discrepancy between the observed and the expected results

74
Q

contingency table

A

a two way classification of occurrences and groups that is used for computing the significance of the differences between observed and expected scores

75
Q

Yates correction for continuity

A

a method of correction a 2x2 contingency table by subtractin .5 from the difference between the observed and expected frequencies for each cell before it is squared

76
Q

contingency coeffieient

A

a method of computing the relationship between dichotomous variables such as sex and race

77
Q

loglinear models

A

a system that analyzes multivariate contingency tables by transforming relative frequencies into logarithms

78
Q

logit

A

the probability of membership in a particular category as a function of membership in other categories in multivariate contingency tables

79
Q

Predictive validity

A

the degree to which scores of predictor variables can accurately predict criterion scores

80
Q

shrinkage

A

the loss of predictive power when statistics are calculated on a different sample

81
Q

cross validation

A

a technique to assess the accuracy of a prediction formula in which the formula is applied to a sample not used in developing theformula

82
Q

concurrent validity

A

a type of criterion validity in which a measuring instrument is correlated with some criterion that is administered concurrently or at about the same time.

83
Q

expectancy table

A

a two way grid that predicts whether individuals with a particular assessment score will attain some criterion scores

84
Q

know group difference method

A

a method used fro establishing construct validity in which the test scores of groups that should differ on a trait or ability are compared

85
Q

observed score

A

in classical test theory and obtained scores that comprises a person true score and error scores

86
Q

true score

A

in classical test theory the part of the observed score that represents the person real score and does not contain measurement error

87
Q

error score

A

in classical test theory the part of an observed score that is attributed to measurement error

88
Q

interclass correlation

A

the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variable

89
Q

intraclass correlation

A

an anova technique used for estimating the reliability of a measure

90
Q

intertester reliability

A

the degree to whcih different testers can obtain the same scores on the same participants also called objectivity

91
Q

stability

A

a coeffiecnt of reliability measure by the test retest method of different days

92
Q

test retest method

A

a method of determining stability in which a test is given one day and then administered exactly as before a day or so later

93
Q

alternate forms method

A

a method of establishing reliability involving the construction of two test that both supposedly sample the same material

94
Q

internal consistency

A

an estimate of the reliability that represents the consistency of scores within a test

95
Q

same day test retest method

A

a method of establishing reliability in which a test is given twice to the same participants on the same day

96
Q

split half technique

A

a method of testing reliability in which the test is divided in two usually by making the odd numbered items one half and the even numbered items the other half the two halves are then correlated

97
Q

spearman brown prophecy formula

A

an equation developed to estimate the reliability of the entire test when the split half technique is used to test reliability

98
Q

coefficient alpha

A

a technique used for estimating the reliability of multiple trail test

99
Q

objectivity

A

the degree to whcih different testers can achieve the same scores on the same subjects also known as intertester reliability

100
Q

interobserver agreement

A

a common way of estimating reliability among coders by using a formula that divides the number of agreement in behavior coding by the sum of the agreements and disagreements

101
Q

z scores

A

the basic standard score that converts raw scores to units of standard deviation in which the mean is zero and a standard deviation is 1.0

102
Q

t scale

A

a type of standard score that sets the mean at 50 and standard deviation at 10 to remove the decimal found in z scored and to make all scores positive

103
Q

Rating scale

A

a measure of behavior that involves a subjective evaluation based on a checklist of criteria

104
Q

rating of perceived exertion (RPE)

A

a self rating scale developed by borg to measure a person perceived effort during E. (1962)

105
Q

leniency

A

the tendency for observers to be overly generous in rating

106
Q

Likert type scale

A

a type of closer question that requires the participants to respond by choosing one of several scaled responses; the intervals between items are assumed to be equal

107
Q

semantic differential scalee

A

a scale used to measure affective behavior in whcih the respondent is asked to make judgments about certain concepts by choosing one of seven intervals between bipolar adjectives

108
Q

Items analysis

A

the process in analyzing knowledge tests in whcih the suitability of test items and their ability to discriminate are evaluated

109
Q

item difficulty

A

the analysis of the difficulty of each test item in a knowledge test, determined by dividing the number of people who correctly answered the item by the number of people who responded to the item

110
Q

index of discrimination

A

the degree to which a test item discriminated between people who did well on the entire test and those who did poorly

111
Q

central tendency error

A

an error that results when the rater gives an inordinate number or ratings in the middle of the scale avoiding the extremes of the scale

112
Q

halo effect

A

a threat to internal validity wherein raters allow precious impressions or knowledge about certain people to influence all rating of those people behaviors

113
Q

proximity error

A

an error that results when a rater considers behaviors to be more nearly the same when they are listed close together on a scale than when they are separated by some distance

114
Q

observer bias error

A

an error that results when raters are influenced by their own characteristics and prejudices

115
Q

observer expectation error

A

an error that results when a rater sees evidence of certain expected behaviors and interprets observations in the expected direction

116
Q

Classical test theory

A

a measurement theory built on the concept that observed scoreds are composed of the true score and an error scores

117
Q

item response theory

A

a theory that focuses on the characteristics of the test item and the examinee response to the item as a means of determining the examinee ability

118
Q

Item characteristic curve

A

a nonlinear regression curve for a test item that increase from left to right indication an increase in the probability of a correct response with increased ability or latent trait

119
Q

parameter invariance

A

a postulate in item response theory that the item difficulty remains constant regardless of the population s of examinees and that examinees abilities should not change when a different set of test items is administered

120
Q

item banking

A

the creation of large pools of test items that can be used for construction test that have certain characteristics concerning the precision of estimating latent ability

121
Q

adaptive testing

A

selecting test items that best fit the ability level of each person

122
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a test or instument measures what it purports to measure; can be categorized as logical, content, criterion, construct

123
Q

logical validity

A

the degree to whcih a measure obviously involves the performance being measured ( face validity )

124
Q

content validity

A

the degree to which a test adequately samples what was covered in the course

125
Q

criterion validity

A

the degree to which scores ona test are related to some recognized standard or criterion

126
Q

construct validity

A

the degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct usually established by relating the test results to some behavior

127
Q

Probability

A

the odds that a certain event will occur

128
Q

equally likely event s

A

a concept of probability in which the chances of one event occurring are the same as the chances of another event occurring

129
Q

relative frequency

A

a concept of probability concerning the comparative likelihood of two or more events occurring

130
Q

Correlation

A

a statistical technique used to determine the relationship between two or more variables

131
Q

step test

A

a test used to measure caridorespiratory fitness involving the measurement of pulse rate after stepping up and down on a bench

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