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Research Methods > Exam 2 chapters 17/18 > Flashcards

Exam 2 chapters 17/18 Flashcards

1
Q

what is epidemiology

A

is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or event in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

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2
Q

what is in epidemiology

A

distribution
determinant
application

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3
Q

distribution

A

frequency- prevalence, incidence, mortality rates

patterns- person, place, time

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4
Q

determinant

A

defined characteristics- associated with change in health

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5
Q

application

A

translation- knowledge to practice

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6
Q

Frequency

physical activity measurements definition

A

relates to the number of times per week or year that one is physically active

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7
Q

Duration

physical activity measurements definition

A

refers to the time spent in a specific activity as hours or minutes per session

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8
Q

intensity

physical activity measurements

A

refers to the difficulty of an activity and is generally classified as light, moderate, or vigorous.

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9
Q

Dose

physical activity measurements definition

A

refers to combination of the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity and is expressed as kcal/day, MET- hour/day, minutes on a treadmill graded exercise test, or other units.

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10
Q

physically active

physical activity measurements definition

A

is a global term that is defined as all movements produced by the the contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increase energy expenditure.

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11
Q

exercise

physical activity measurements definition

A

is planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movements done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness

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12
Q

physical fitness

physical activity measurements definition

A

is a multidimensional concept associated with a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity

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13
Q

leisure

physical activity measurements definition

A

is a concept that includes the elements of free choice, freedom from constraints intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, relaxation, personal involvement, and opportunity for self expression

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14
Q

volitional

physical activity measurements definition

A

physical activity refers to activities done for a purpose in either structured or unstructured settings.

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15
Q

spontaneous

physical activity measurements definition

A

physical activity refers to brief periods of movement that results in energy expenditure through fidgeting, gesticulation or unintentional short accumulated periods of movement

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16
Q

epidemiological study designs

A 
descriptive 
analytical 
cross sectional designs
ecological 
cohort studies
17
Q

ecological designs

A

use existing data sources for both exposure and disease outcomes to compare and contrast rates of disease by specific characteristics of an entire population

18
Q

what are advantages of a cohort study? p. 335

A

1 the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome is clearly defined. exposure assessment are obtained before disease onset, this is the primary
2 good for rare exposures.
3 good fro understanding the multiple effects of a single exposure

19
Q

what are some disadvantages of cohort?

A

1 you have to keep track of large portion of people and can create bias in the study
2 also there might be too much data and it isnt going to go through

20
Q

3 criteria for establishing cause and effect

A

1 the cause must precede the effect in time
2 the cause and effect must be correlated with each other
3 the correlation between cause and effect cannot be explained by another variable

21
Q

application of this logic is… p. 346

A

1 selection of a good theroetical framework
2 use of appropriate participants
3 application of an appropriate experimental design
4 proper selection and control of the independent variable ( treatment)
5 appropriate selection and measurement of the dependent variable
6 use of the correct statistical model and analysis
7 correct interpretation of the results

22
Q

threats to internal validity

A 
History 
maturation
testing
instreumentaion
statistical regression
selsction biases 
experimental morality
selection
expectancy
23
Q

History

threats to internal validity

A

events that are not part of the treatment

24
Q

Maturation

threats to internal validity

A

processes within the participants that operates as a result of time passing ( hunger, aging, fatigue)

25
Q

Testing

threats to internal validity

A

the effects of one test on subsequent administrations of the same test

26
Q

instrumentation

threats to internal validity

A

changes in instrument calibratin, including lack of agreement within and between observers

27
Q

statistical regression

threats to internal validity

A

the fact that groups selected based on extreme scores are not as extreme on subsequent testing

28
Q

selection bias

threats to internal validity

A

choosing comparison groups in a nonrandom manner

29
Q

experimental mortality

threats to internal validity

A

loss of participants from comparison groups fro nonrandom reasons

30
Q

selection maturation interaction

threats to internal validity

A

the passage of time affecting one group but no the other in nonequivalent group designs

31
Q

expectancy

threats to internal validity

A

experimenters or testers anticipating that certain participants will perform better
- OR influencing them

32
Q

controlling threats to internal validity

A
  • randomization
  • real randomization
  • matched pairs ( non matched groups )
  • randomizing treatments or counter balancing
  • placebos
  • blind setups
  • double blind set up
  • reactive effect of testing: eleiminat pretest
  • instrumentation
  • calibration and test reliability
  • halo effects ??
  • just keeping subjects
33
Q

threats to external validity

A
  • reactive or interactive effects of testing
  • interaction of selection bias and the experimental treatment
  • reactive effects f experimental arrangements
  • multiple treatment interference
34
Q

reactive or interactive effects of testing

threats to external validity

A

the pretest may make the particiapnt more aware of or sensitive to the upcoming treatment. as a result the treatment is not as effective without the pre test.

35
Q

interaction of selection bias and the experimental treatment
(threats to external validity )

A

when a group is selected on some characteristic, the treatment may work only on groups possessing that characteristic

36
Q

reactive effects f experimental arrangements

threats to external validity

A

treatments that are effective in constrained situation may not be effective in less constrained settings

37
Q

multiple treatment interference

threats to external validity

A

when participants receive more than one treatment, the effects of previous treatments may influence subsequent one

38
Q

controling threats to external validity

A
  • selecting from larger populations
  • participants
  • treatments
  • situations
  • ecological validity: does the setting capture the essence of the real world ?
39
Q

review journals ( there are 2)

A
  • pabcio

- and the other one

Research Methods (7 decks)

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