Exam 1 Flashcards
Basic research
a type of research that may have limited direct application but in which the researcher has careful control of the conditions
ecological validity
the extent to which research emulates the real world
discussion
the chapter or section of research report that explains what the results mean
hypothesis
the anticipated outcome of a study or experiment
internal validity
the extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study
external validity
the generalizability of the results of a study
paradigm crisis phenomenon
the development of discrepancies in a paradigm leading to proposals of a new paradigm that better explains the data
review
a critical evaluation of research on a particular topic
descriptive research
a type of R that attempts to describe the status of the study focus. common techniques are questionnaire, interviews, normative surveys,case studies, job analyese, obserfation reseearch, developmental studies, and correlations studies
experimental research
a type of R that involves the manipulation of treatmetns ina attempt to establish cause adn effect relastionships
applied esearch
a type of r that has direct value to practitioners but in which the researcher has limited control over the reearch setting
hydrostatic weighting
a technique for measureing body compostition in which body density is computed by the ratio of a person weight in air and the loss of weight underwater
science
a process of careful and systematic inquiry
scientific method of problem solving
a method of soling problems that uses the following steps 1 defining and delimiting the problem 2 forming a hypothesis 3 gathering data 4 analyzing data 5 interpreting the results
tenacity
an unscientific method of problem solving in which people cling to certain beliefs regardless of a lack of supporting evidence
empirical
a description of data or a study that is based on objective observations
independent variable
the part of the experiment that the resercher is manipulating; also called the experimental varibale or treatment variable
dependent variable
the effect of the independent variable;also called the yield
normal science
an objective manner of study grounded in the natural sciences that is systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable
qualitative research
a reaserch method that often involve intensive, long term observation in a natural setting precise and detailed recording f what happens tin the setting and the interpretation and analysis of the data using description narratives and quotes charts and tables. also called ethnographic, naturalistic
reductionsim
a characteristic of normal science that assumes that complex behavior can be reduced, analyzed, ad explained as parts that can then be put back together to understand the whole.
analytical research
a type of research that involves in depth study and the evaluation for available information in an attempt to explain complex phenomena can be categorizated in the following way; historical, philosophical, reviews, and research synthesis
research proposal
a formal preparation that includes the introduction, literature review, and proposed method for conducting a study
closed loop theory
a theory of motor skill learning advanced by adams taht proposed that information received as feedback from a movement is compared with some internal reference of correctness.
secondary sources
sources of data in research in which authors have evaluated and summarized previous research
primary sources
first hand sources of data in research original studies
-journal articles are the most valuable
poster session
a method of presenting researh at a conference iin which the author places summaries of his or her research on the wall or on a poster stand and answers question form passerby.
Schema theory
a theory of motor skill learning advanced by R.a schmidt as an extension of adams closed loop theory the theory proposed to unify two more general explanations under one theoretical explanation
varability of practice
a tenet of motor skill learning advanced by r.a. schmidit the states that the practice of a variety of movement experiences facilitate transfer to a new movement when compared with practicing a single movement
annotated bibliography
a list of resources that provides a brief description of the nature and scope of each article or book.
microform
a general term that encompasses microflim, microfliche and any form of data storage on which the pages of a book, journal or newspaper are photgraphed and reduced in size.
extraneous variable
a factor that could affect the relationship between in independent and dependent variable but that is not included or controlled
operational definition
an observable phenomenon that enables the researher to test empirically whether the predicted outcome can be supported
research hypothesis
a hypothesis deduced from theory of induced from empirical studies that is based on logical reasoning and predicts that outcome f the study
nul hypothesis
a hypothesis used primarily in the statistical test for the reliability of the results that says that there are no differences among treatments; or no relationship among variables
limitation
shortcomeing or influence that either cannot be controlled or s the result of the delimitation imposed by the investigator
delimitation
a limitation imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice that the researher makes to define a workable research problem
participants
people who are used as subject in a study. in apa style the term participants is used rather than subjects
pilot work
work undertaken to verify that you can correctly administer the test and treatments for your study using appropriate participants
plagiarism
using ideas, concepts writing or drawing s of other as our own; cheating
maxicon principle
a method of controlling any explanation for the results except the hypothesis that the researcher intends to evaluate. thsi is done by maximizing ture variance, minimizing error variance, an controlling extraneous variance.
outlier
an urepresentative score; a score that lies outside of the normal scores
dula pbulicatino
having the same scientific paper published in more than one journal or other publication; this is generally unethical
fieldwork
methodology common in qualitative research in which data are gathered in natural settings
What are the actions that involve quality research?
- identifying and delimiting the problem
- searching, reviewing, writing about the literature
- specifying and defining testable hypotheses
- designing research to test the hypotheses
- selecting, describing, testing, treating the participants
- analyzing and reporting the results
- discussing the meaning and implication of the findings
What are thomas suggestions for reading the literature?
- become familiar with relevant publications
- read studies of interest
- read as a practitioner would
- read the abstract first
- dont worry too much about the stats
- be critical but ojective
thomas scientific methods of problems solving
step1- developing the problem
step2- formulating the hypotheses
step3- gathering the data
step4- analyzing and interpreting results
thomas unscientific methods of problem solving
- tenacity
- intuition
- authority
- the rationalistic method
- empirical method
what are types of research
- analytical
- descriptive
what is the purposes of lit. review
- identifying the problems
- developing hypothese
- developing the method
- evalulate research, support and create foundation.
when and where does the author identify the problem:
intro
what is the purpose fo the method section?
is to eliminate any alternative or rival hypotheses & and how it can be repulacted
page72 in book read
What is the differences between primary and secondary sources?
look at the definitions
journal citations
look at the little book now
what are the 10 commandment of good writing with an example
PART 1
1 each pronoun should agree with their antecedent
2 just btwn you and i case is important
3 a preposition is a poor word to end a sentence with
4 verbs has to agree with their subject
5 dont use no double negatives
6 a writer mustnt shift your point of view
7 when dangling dont use participle
8 join clauses good, like a
know identify, and give examples of fatal flaws in research
READ page 81
recall some research studies in which ethics was compromised?
- tuskees study
- strandford prisoin study
- authority study with the volts
what are key points from the journal discusion
what was the journal itself!!
what are 5 characteristic of research?
1 systematic-plan, identify, dsign
2 logical- examine procedures to evaluate conclusions
3 empirical- decisions are based on data
4 reductive- general relationship are estb. form data
5 replicable-actions are recorded
what is in a proposal?
- introduction
- -problem and hypothese
- literature review
- method
- -participants
- -instruments and measurements
- -procedures
- -design and analysis
what do you need to a complete thesis ?
results and discussion and conclusion sections after doing the research
what are 6 steps to lit search?
1 write problem statment
2 consult 2nd sources-(encyclopedias, research reviews)
3 determine descriptors
4 find primary sources (bibliographies, computer searches)
5read and recored the lit
6 write the lit review
how should you plan a methods sections?
- participants- how many people
- instruments - surey, intervew, workout
- procedures - what are they doing
- design/ analysis- spss, anovia??
Participants
-method sections
- age and gender
- training level
- number of people
instruments
-method sections
- validity and reliability
- difficult of obtainign measures
- access to the equipment
- knowing how to use them
what shoudl be presented
-method sections
- description ( validity and reliabliity
- drawings, photographs, samples
- scoring method
procedures
-method sections
- when, where, how much time
is participant adherenee a thing
dasign and analysis
-method sections
- quasi- experimental or expericmental
- estb. casue and effect
- correct analysis/ correct interpretation
continuum of bbasic to applied research
level 1- basics (lab based ) --goal theory drive --approach laboratory level 2 moderate relevance --goal theroy based using relvant movements --approach similar to real world task level 3 applied research (real world) --goal immediate solution --approach real world
what are the 10 commandment of good writing with an example
PART 2
8 join clauses good, like a conjunction should
9 dont write a run on sentence it is difficult when you got to punctuate it so it makes sense when the reader reads what you wrote.
10 about sentence fragments
11 dont used , which arent necessary
12 its important to use apostrophes right
13 check to see if you any words out
14 as far as incomplete construction they are wrong
15 last but not least lay off cliches .
define the 7 areas of scientific dishoonesty
1plagiarism 2fabrication and falsification 3nonpublicaiton of data 4faulty data-gathering procedures 5poor data storage and retention 6misleading authorship 7sneaky publication practices
Plagiarism
-define the 7 areas of scientific dishoonesty
using the ideas, writing, drawing of other as your own
fabrication and falsification
-define the 7 areas of scientific dishoonesty
making up or altering data
misleading authorship
-define the 7 areas of scientific dishoonesty
who should be an author?
- technicians do not necessary become joint autheros
- authorship should involve only those who contribute directly
- discuss authorship before the project
sneaky publication practices
-define the 7 areas of scientific dishoonesty
joint publication
- graduate student and faculty
- two or more graduate students
- two or more faculty members
Analytical research
type of research that involve in depth study and the evaluation to available information in an attempt to explain complex phenomena
Types of Analytical research
- Historical research
- philosophical research
- reviews
- research synthesis
Historical Research
-Types of Analytical research
deals with events that have already occurred. understanding of past events to explain the present state of affairs
Philosophical research
-Types of Analytical research
critical inquiry charaterized philosophical research. the researcher establishes hypothesess,examines and analyzes fats and synthesis the evidence into a workable theoretical model
Reviews
-Types of Analytical research
a critical evaluation of research on a particular topic
Research synthesis
-Types of Analytical research
this is like trying to make sense of large data collecting. and working with meta ananlys – quanitiative means of analyzing the finding form numerous studies
Descriptive research
a type of research that attempt to describe the status of the study focus.
-Types of Descriptive research
- questionnaire
- interviews
- normative survey ( paper/ computer)
- case study
- job analysis
- observational research
- developmental studies
- correlations studies
- epidemiologic research
- experimental research (casue and effect)
- qualitative research
Questionnaires
-Types of Descriptive research
good for when you are using it to get responses form a wide geographical area
normally asks onions or knwledge
Interviews
-Types of Descriptive research
the research can rephrase question and ask additional ones to clarify responses. can also do this over the phone
Normative survey
-Types of Descriptive research
this seeks to gather performance r knowledge data on a large scale. READ MORE about this one!!
developmental studies
-Types of Descriptive research
the investigator is usually concerned with the interaction of learning or performance with maturation– longitudianl and cross sectional approach to see the maturation periods
correlation studies
-Types of Descriptive research
to examine the relationship between performance variavle
epidemiologic research
-Types of Descriptive research
pertains to the frequencies and distributions of health and disease conditions among population. — no cause and effect
developmental studies
-Types of Descriptive research
the investigator is usually concerned with the interaction of learning or performance with maturation– longitudinal and cross sectional approach to see the maturation periods
correlation studies
-Types of Descriptive research
to examine the relationship between performance variables
Mixed methods Of reaseach
-Types of Descriptive research
both quantitative and qualitative are included within are search effort. this approach often viewed as pragmatic on suggest that bothe techniques are useful when studying realworld phenomena, so it means that you are using both within a study— or like 2 small studies put together
experimental rsearch
-Types of Descriptive research
a type of research that involves the manipulation of treatments in an attempt to establish cause and effect relationships
