Exam 2- bold definitions from book (chapter 12-20) Flashcards
Deductive reasoning
reasoning that moves from general claims or premises to particular conclusions
Descriptive Reasoning
reasoning that describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observation
Survey
a technique of descriptive research that seeks to determine present practices or opinions of a population; it can take the form of a questionnaire, interview, or normative survey
Questionnnaire
a paper and pencil or electronic survey used in descriptive research in which information is obtained by asking participants to respond to questions rather than by observing their behavior
interview
a survey technique similar to the questionnaire except that participants are questioned and respond orally rather than in writing.
Scaled items
a type of closed question that requires participants to indicate the strength of their agreement or disagreement with some statement or the relative frequency of some behavior.
categorical response
a type of closed question that offers only tow responses, such as yes or no.
cover letter
the letter attached to a survey that explains the purposes and importance of the survey.
Normative survey
a survey method that involves establishing norms for abilities, performances, beliefs, and attitudes.
Developmental research
the study of changes in behaviors across years
Case study
a form of descriptive research in which a single case is studied in depth to reach a greater understanding about other similar cases.
Job Analysis
a type of case study that determines the nature of a particular job and the types of training preparation, skills, working conditions, and attitudes necessary for success in the jobs
Narrative method
a method of recording in observation research in which researchers describe their observations as they occur; also called continual recording method.
Tallying method
a method of recording in observational research in which researchers record each occurrence of a clearly defined behavior within a certain period; also called frequency- counting methods.
Interval method
a method of recording in observational research that is used when counting individual occurrences is difficult; the researcher records whether the behavior in question occurs in a certain interval of time.
duration method
a method of recording in observational research in which the researcher used a stopwatch or other timing device to record how much time a participant spends engaged in a particular ehairo
Correlation research
research that explores relationships among variables and that sometimes involves the prediction of a criterion variable.
Risk Factor
a exposure that has been found to be a determinant of a disease outcome or healthy behavior.
Exposure
Factor (variables) in epidemiological studies that are tested for their relationship with the outcome of interst
Determinant
a factor that changes a characterisitic
Analytical designs
studies that test hypotheses about causal links between exposure and mortality and incidence outcomes. using only observational research.
cohort study design
a study design that involves the examination of a large disease free population over a period of several years.
Recall bias
systematic errors introduced by differences in recall accuracy between comparison groups ( between case and controls.)
Clinical trials
trials focused on changing health at the individual level
community trials
randomized trails focused on changing behaviors in communities
Placebo
a method of controlling a threat to internal validity in which a control group receives a false treatment while the experimental group receives the real treatment.
Blind setup
a method of controlling a threat to internal validity in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the experimental or control treatment
Double blind setup
a method of controlling a threat to internal validity in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which treatment the participants is receiving.
Preexperimental design
one of three types of research design that control few of the sources of invalidity and that do not have random assignments of participants to groups: one shot study, one group pretest posttest design, and static group comparison.
Quasi experimental design
a research design in which the experimenter tries to fit the design to real world setting while still controlling as many of the threats to internal validity as possible
Focus group
a small group of people interviewed about a specific topic as method of qualitative research
Analytical narrative
a short interpretive description of an event or situation used in qualitative research; also called analytical memoing
narrative vignette
a component of a qualitative research report that give detailed description of an event, including what people say, do, think, and feel in that setting
trustworthiness
a quality achieved in a study when the data collected generally are applicable, consistent, and neutral
Critical theory
qualitative research based on value judgments.
Sequential mixed methods
a study design in which either the quantitative or qualitative component comes first and then is followed by the other components
parallel mixed methods
a study design in which the quantitative and qualitative components occur at the same time or independently; also called concurrent mixed methods.
Credibility
A quality achieved when the participants and setting of a study are accurately described
Transferability
in qualitative research a quality achieved when the results have the potential to be transferred to other settings.
Dependability
a characteristic that addresses the quality of the data in a qualitative study, including how well the researchers deals with change.
Confirmability
a characteristic of qualitative research that addresses whether another can place faith in the results.
theory
an explanation of some aspect of some aspect of practice that permits the researcher to draw inferences about future happenings.
True experimental design
any design used in experimental research in which groups are randomly formed and that controls most sources of invalidity
expectancy
a threat to internal validity in which the researcher anticipates that certain behaviors or results will occur
Selection bias
systematic errors introduced by differences in the characteristics of subjects entering a study
bias
the systematic deviation of a calculated (estimate) value from the true value.
confounding factor
a factor that obscures the true relationship between an exposure and outcome of interest.
Case control study
a study that involves the identification of causally related factors for disease outcome in population with and without disease.
odds ratio
a measure of the exposure disease relationship typically employed in case control studies
Relative risk
a measure of the association of the exposure disease relationship typically employed in cohort studies
Cohort
a group of individuals who are followed over a period of time
Outcome
the dependent variable in an analysis
Longitudinal studies
research in which the same participants are studied over a period of years
cross sectional studies
research in which samples of participants from different age group are selected to assess the effects of maturation.
cohort problem
a problem in cross sectional design concerning whether all the age groups are really form the same populations.
Delphi survery method
a survey method that uses a series of questionnaires in such a way that the respondents (usually experts) reach a consensus about the subject.
Open ended question
a category of question in questionnaires and interviews that allows the respondent considerable latitude to express feelings and expand on ideas
closed question
a category of question in questionnaires and interviews that requires a specific response and that often takes the form of rankings, scaled items, or categorical responses.
ranking
a type of closed question that forces the respondent to place responses in a rank order according to some criterion.
Meta analysis
a technique of literature review that contains a definitive methodology and quantifies the results of various studies to a standard metric that allows the use of statistical techniques as a means of analysis.
Speculation
claims about subjects, such as values, that are significant to humans but cannot be forcefully defended.
critical reasoning
an activity intended to show reasoning errors, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs.
Inductive reasoning
reasoning that moves from observation of a few samples or exemplars to a statement of general conclusion. it typically asks, what commonalities exist in the samples or exemplars being studied
Objective inquiry
a form of inquiry aimed at producing universal knowledge that accurately describes reality. it works to eliminate biases from language, history, socialization, or any other influences that would relativize truth claims to a time, a place, or personal perspectives
subjective inquiry
a form of inquiry that takes personal experience and individual preferences seriously. it speaks to the act that people are not entirely alike, that individual perspectives and personal backgrounds matter.
normative inquiry
a form of inquiry that seeks to challenge, reinforce or apply the norms or ideal standards of a culture, which recommend behavior, promote action, indicate how life ought to be lived.
Authenticity
the state of being true and legitimate
Paradigm
an assumption about the nature of reality and the appropriate methodological approach in gathering and analyzing data.
