Final Exam Flashcards
Advantage of enteric coated medications
Enteric Coated Medications-Tablet or pill with a coating that enables it to pass through the stomach without being dissolved, so the stomach lining will not be irritated: the drug is then released in the intestine
Advantages
• Reduced gastric irritation
• Enables it to pass through the stomach without being dissolved
Causes of Anemia
Anemia – condition in which the oxygen-carrying function of the red blood cells to the tissues is decreased.
Causes
• Inherited
• Deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin, occurring when the number of circulating red blood cells is decreased.
• Bone marrow is poisoned by chemicals
• More commonly- when essential vitamins and minerals are deficient in the diet (lack of iron, B12, or folic acid)
Effects of antihistaminic and why they have to be administered often
Effects:
• Reduce erythema, allergic conjunctivitis, nasal congestion, edema (hives), and bronchoconstriction
• extremely effective in reducing nausea and vomiting
• Minimize anesthetic irritability
They have to be administered often because they are absorbed well from the intestinal tract. They rapidly metabolized by the liver, necessitating repeated drug administration to maintain a therapeutic response.
How OTC Meds are approved
They are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) generally Recognized as Safe and Effective (GRASE) designation that come to market through the FDA’s development and approval process.
How to avoid side effect of inhaled anti-inflammatory steroids
Rinsing your mouth out with water after inhalation to minimize the amount of steroid that remains in the oral cavity
Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic during movement of feces
Parasympathetic- stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers ( cholinergic) that innervate the intestines increases intestinal motility
Sympathetic-Sympathetic fibers (adrenergic) decreases intestinal motility
Function of hemoglobin
Transport oxygen to all tissues of the body
Name of the OTC steroid
hydrocortisone
Monophasic Contraception
- a fixed amount (non-changing) of estrogen is released during the cycle
Biphasic Contraception
two different amounts of estrogen hormone are released during the cycle.
Triphasic Contraception
the estrogen and progestin amounts released may vary during the cycle
Define agranulocytosis
Acute condition in which there is a reduction in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) specifically polymorphonuclear cells (granulocytes)
Know what patients are more susceptible to osteoporosis
- Americans over 50 years or older ( women being more effected than men)
- Premature menopause
- Leanness
- Short stature in women
- Caucasian and Asian race
- Treatment with corticosteroids or phenytoin
- Smoking
- Alcoholism
- Family history of osteoporosis
What needs to be taken with bisphosphonates
A full glass of water (only) 1 hour before meals
Effects of Alcohol and Insulin
Alcohol decreases blood glucose concentrations by
• Interfering with glucose metabolism
• Inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system
central diabetes insipidus
caused by a decreased secretion of ADH
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
involves renal disease or gene mutations involved in aquaporin synthesis or ADH receptor formation
Bactericidal (Antibiotic)
antibiotic that kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic (Antibiotic)
antibiotic that inhibits the growth of, but does not kill, bacteria
Reye’s syndrome is linked to this
Aspirin use in children, including teenagers, who have active viral infections or chicken pox
Why no vaccine for HIV
HIV rapidly mutates into a drug-resistant agent. HIV replicates so frequently and in such large numbers (viral load) that mutations occur in viral protein that are clinically significant. The Virus with the mutated genetic material is unaffected by drug treatment and goes on to infect more host cells and replicate new HIV with resistant properties
Advantages of nystatin
- For the treatment of intestinal candidiasis
* In the treatment of pregnant women because the drug cannot affect developing fetal tissues
Define antigenic drift (and antigenic shift)
The ability of viruses to change the composition or structure of their surface proteins (viral coat) that are responsible for producing disease (pathogenicity)
Common general treatments of cancer – not specific medication names
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
Why would chemotherapy treatments be temporarily stopped
if a patient is in remission
What does RAA mechanism cause // (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RRA) Mechanism)
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Define hyponatremia
Abnormally low level of sodium ions circulating in the blood
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
Know what tests need to be done while on oral anticoagulation therapy
- Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT)
- Prothrombin time (PT)
- International Normalized ratio (INR)
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins – A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins – C and B
Know what does vitamin D do for our bodies
- essential for the metabolism of bone and cartilage.
- Regulates serum calcium levels in conjunction with parathormone and calcitonin
- Increases absorption of dietary calcium and phosphate in the large intestine (duodenum) raises the level of calcium in the blood
Know what plaque is made up of
Substance containing cholesterol, dead cell products ad calcium that accumulates in the inner most layer of the arteries
Know why statins should be taken at night
Because the majority of cholesterol is produced by the body at night
MOA - Anticholinergic drugs used to treat asthma
block the actions of Acetylcholine therefore producing bronchodilation and reduce the volume of respiratory secretions
MOA - H2 blockers aka Antihistamine (H2) Receptor Antagonists
H2 receptor antagonists (Cimetidine /Tagamet, Famotidine/Pepcid, nizatidine/axid, and ranitidine/zantac) that competitively inhibit the interaction of histamine with H2 receptors. Blockade of these receptors significantly reduces the secretion of acid and pepsin output from the stomach.
MOA - Omeprazole or the first (PPI) Proton Pump Inhibitor
Directly inhibits the secretory system that releases HCI
MOA - Bismuth in treating peptic ulcers
Believed to Lyse the bacterial cell wall and prevent further adhesion of the bacteria to the gastric mucosa
MOA - Antacids
React with HCI to form water and salts. Since the hydrogen ions are used to form water, gastric acidity decreases, and the pH of the stomach juices increases. When pH of the stomach contents reaches 4 or 5, pepsin activity is completely inhibited, and the mucosal irritation is removed
MOA - Emollients used as laxatives
Act on the stool in permit water to penetrate the fecal mass. The oily nature of these laxatives eases the passage of the stool through the rectum. The potassium bitartrate and sodium bicarbonate combination releases carbon dioxide gas. The gas pushes against the rectum wall, inducing muscle contraction and stool movement
MOA - Laxatives
produce a mild, gentle stimulus for defecation.
Act directly on the intestine to alter stool formation.
MOA - Cathartics
produce a more intense action on the bowel
Act directly on the intestine to alter stool formation.
MOA - Kaopectate
Acts within the intestine- they do not act on specific receptors and are not intended to be absorbed into circulation to work
In the lumen of the intestine, adsorbents for a complex (bind up, attach to ) with irritating substances such as bacteria, digestive enzymes, or toxins and carry them into the feces.
MOA - Lomotil
Absorbed and extensively metabolized by the liver to an active substance diphenoxylic (diphenoxine)
MOA - Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Polypeptide substance that is synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland that regulates water balance in the body by altering urine volume at the collecting ducts- substance produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland that modulates urine production and allows the kidneys to reabsorb water in order to conserve body water
MOA -Tetracyclines
they bind reversibly to bacterial ribosomes to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
MOA - Piperazine
Blocks the worms’ responses to acetylcholine (ACH) causing flaccid paralysis
MOA - Diuretics in general
The hypotensive effect of these drugs is initially caused by increased excretion of sodium and water, which reduces blood volume and cardiac output.
MOA - Osmotic Diuretics
Once inside the circulation, the drugs act osmotically, attracting fluid from edematous tissues
osmotic diuretics become trapped in the tubular lumen and create an osmotic gradient within the renal tubule lumen.
Water molecules tend to migrate toward the diuretic molecules. Consequently, this water is not reabsorbed and is excreted into the urine along with the diuretic.
Although water reabsorption is inhibited, there is no major alteration of sodium reabsorption.
MOA - Aspirin
produce analgesia and antipyresis by selectively affecting the hypothalamic centers, reducing an elevated body temperature but not affecting normal body temperature. The mechanism of the central action involves blockade of prostaglandin stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to the central action, these drugs increase peripheral blood flow (vasodilation) and sweating, permitting a greater loss of excess heat from the body
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