Chapter 8-10 Flashcards
Ganglionic Blocker
drug that blocks the nicotinic-neural (Nn) receptors and reduces the activity of the autonomic nervous systems
Ganglionic Stimulant
drug that stimulates the nicotinic-neural (Nn) receptors to increase autonomic nervous system activity
Nicotine
alkaloid drug in tobacco that stimulates ganglionic receptors
Nicotinic- neural (Nn) receptor
cholinergic receptor at the autonomic ganglia
Biologic drug
a substance made from a living organism or its products used to prevent or treat disease
blepharospasm
involuntary blinking or spasm of the eyelid
botulism
a life threatening illness caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum
centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
drug that inhibits skeletal muscle contraction by blocking contraction within the spinal cord
depolarizing blocker
produces paralysis by first causing nerve transmission, followed by inhibition of nerve transmission
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
dysphonia
difficulty speaking due to a physical disorder with the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords
dystonia
movement disorder in which muscles contract and spasm involuntarily
fasciculation
twitching of muscle fiber groups
hyperhidrosis
a condition of excessive sweating
hyperthermia
abnormally high body temperature
incompatibility
undesirable interaction of drugs not suitable for combination or administration together
intrathecal
space around the brain and spinal cord that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
malignant hyperthermia
condition in susceptible individuals resulting in a life-threatening elevation in body temperature
myofilaments
minute fibers located throughout the cytoplasm of cells, composed of the protein actin, that maintain the structural integrity of a cell
mitochondria
normal structures responsible for energy production in cells
myelin
the fatty substance that covers and protects nerves and allows efficient conduction of action potentials down the axon
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
area where the motor neuron axon terminal meets the muscle tissue
neurotoxin
a substance that is destructive to nerve tissue
nicotinic-muscle (Nm) receptor
cholinergic receptor located at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle
nondepoloraizing blocker
produces paralysis by inhibiting nerve transmission
peripheral skeletal muscle relaxant
drug that inhibits muscle contraction at the neuromusular junction or within the contractile process
potentiates
produces an action that is greater than either of the components can produce alone; synergy
sarcolemma
a thin membrane enclosing a striated (skeletal) muscle fiber
sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm of a striated(skeletal) muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized organelle in the muscle cell that released calcium ions during muscle contraction and absorbs calcium ions during relaxation
schwann cell
any cell that covers the axons in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath
spasmolytics
drugs that relieve, interrupt, or prevent muscle spasm (intermittent muscle contractions often associated with pain)
spread effect
condition in which the intramuscularly injected substance moves out of the area of administration and produces an effect on other tissues
strabismus
conditon in which the eyes are not aligned and point in different directions (cross- eyed)
synaptic cleft
space (synapse)between a motor nerve ending and a skeletal muscle membrane that contains acetylcholine (ACH) receptors
synaptic knob
contains vesicles that store and release neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
a small membrane-bound structure in the axon terminals of nerve cells that contains neurotransmitters and releases them when an action potential reaches the terminal
vagolytic action
inhibition of the vagus nerve to the heart causing the heart rate to increase (counteraction to vagal tone that causes bradycardia)
vasodilator
substance that relaxes the muscle (schincters)controlling blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow
amide local anesthetic
anesthetic class that includes lidocaine, bupivicaine, and mepivicaine and has a moderate to long duration of action because metabolism occurs in the liver
cardiac arrhythmia
variation in the normal rhythm (motion) of the heart
caudal anesthesia
injection of a local anesthetic into the caudal or subcaudal spinal canal
cryoanesthesia
removing the sensation of touch or pain by applying extreme cold to the nerve endings
epidural anesthesia
injection of a local anesthetic into the extradural (the outermost part of the spinal canal) space
ester local anesthetic
anesthetic class that includes procaine, cocaine, benzocaine, and tetracaine: metabolism is primarily by plasma cholinesterases
general anesthetic
drug that abolishes the response to pain by depressing the central nervous system (CNS) and producing loss of consciousness
hypersensitivity
exaggerated response such as a rash, edema,or anaphylaxis that develops following exposure to certain drugs or chemicals
infiltration anesthesia
injection of a local anesthetic directly into the tissue
intradermal anesthesia
injection of a local anesthetic into the part of the skin called the dermis
local anesthetic
drug that reduces response to pain by affecting nerve conduction. the action can be limited to an area of the body according to the site of administration
nerve conduction
transfer of impulses along a nerve by the movement of sodium and potassium ions
regional nerve block
also called nerve block; the injection of a local anesthetic near the nerve root
spinal anesthesia
injection of a local anesthetic into the subarahonoid space
topical application
placing a drug on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane
ex- mouth / rectum
vasoconstriction
tightening or contraction of muscle (schincters) in the blood vessels, which decreases blood flow through the vessels
vasodilation
relaxation of the muscles (sphincters) controlling blood vessel tone, which increases blood flow through the vessels
Ester =
short
Amide=
long (liver)
Epinephrine combined with Anesthetic does what?
works longer
