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Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population

A

Exponential growth

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2
Q

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

A

Conjugation

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3
Q

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code

A

Plasmid

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4
Q

An organism that requires oxygen

A

Aerobic organism

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5
Q

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Transduction

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6
Q

A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born

A

Steady state

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7
Q

Population growth that is controlled by limited resources

A

Logistic growth

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8
Q

An organism that feeds on dead matter

A

Saprophyte

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9
Q

Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits

A

Strains

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10
Q

An organism that does not require oxygen

A

Anaerobic organism

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11
Q

The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers

A

Endospore

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12
Q

An organism that feeds on a living host

A

Parasite

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13
Q

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism’s life functions

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

Naming an organism with its genus and species name

A

Binomial nomenclature

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16
Q

A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles

A

Eukaryotic cell

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17
Q

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

A

Decomposers

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18
Q

Reproduction accomplished by a single organism

A

Asexual reproduction

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19
Q

Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms

A

Omnivores

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20
Q

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks

A

Catabolism

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21
Q

Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye

A

Microorganisms

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22
Q

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

A

Theory

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23
Q

A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data

A

Scientific law

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24
Q

Part labeled C) in diagram

A

Arm

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25
Q

Part labeled I) in diagram

A

Objective

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26
Q

Part labeled G) in diagram

A

Body Tube

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27
Q

Part labeled A) in diagram

A

Coarse adjustment knob

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28
Q

Part labeled E) in diagram

A

Base

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29
Q

Part labeled D) in diagram

A

Stage Clips

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30
Q

Part labeled H) in diagram

A

Revolving nose piece

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31
Q

Part labeled J) in diagram

A

Stage

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32
Q

Part labeled B) in diagram

A

Fine adjustment knob

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33
Q

Part labeled F) in diagram

A

Ocular (or eyepiece)

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34
Q

Match the following types of bacteria based on their shape:

A

coccus

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35
Q

Match the following types of bacteria based on their shape:

A

bacillus

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36
Q

Match the following types of bacteria based on their shape:

A

spirillium

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37
Q

If a bacterium is aerobic, would you expect to find it floating at the top of a lake or deep in the muck at the bottom of the lake?
[Enter one word - TOP or BOTTOM]

A

TOP

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38
Q

What shape is a bacterium from the genus Diplobacillus?
[Enter one word - ROD, SPHERE, or SPIRAL]

A

ROD

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39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of something that is living?

A

It must breath air.

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40
Q

Which of the following taxa contains organisms that are most distantly related?

A

Class

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41
Q

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A

kinds of nucleotides in their DNA

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42
Q

All of the following are examples of substances found in bacteria EXCEPT:

A

chitin

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43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?

A

Membrane-bound cellular organelles

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44
Q

The scientific name Escherichia coli refers to this bacterium’s

A

genus and species

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45
Q

Spallanzi did experiments to disprove the law of spontaneous generation. He sealed his jars so that air could not get in. Supporters of spontaneous generation argued that without air nothing could live. How did Pasteur’s experiment show once and for all that spontaneous generation does not occur?

A

He made an experiment that allowed air to pass through but not bacteria (a curved-shaped flask).

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46
Q

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility

A

Chitin

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47
Q

A filament of fungal cells

A

Hypha

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48
Q

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food

A

Mycelium

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49
Q

A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows

A

Aerial hypha

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50
Q

The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring

A

Zygote

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51
Q

An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments

A

Stolon

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52
Q

The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules

A

Fermentation

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53
Q

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell

A

Extracellular digestion

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54
Q

Part A)

A

Contractile Vacuole

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55
Q

Part C)

A

Cilia

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56
Q

Part B)

A

Macro Nucleus

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57
Q

Tiny organisms that float in the water

A

Plankton

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58
Q

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

A

Commensalism

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59
Q

A membrane-bounded “sac” within a cell

A

Vacuole

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60
Q

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

A

Cilia

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61
Q

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

A

Pseudopod

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62
Q

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems

A

Thallus

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63
Q

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane

A

Pellicle

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64
Q

The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells

A

Endoplasm

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65
Q

A pigment necessary for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

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66
Q

A close relationship between two or more species

A

Symbiosis

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67
Q

What characteristic do all Imperfect Fungi have in common?

A

No known sexual mode of spore formation

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68
Q

Classify this organism into its proper subkingdom:

A

***

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69
Q

If an organism from kingdom Protista is autotrophic, it is most likely in subkingdom

A

Algae

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70
Q

Classify this organism into its proper phylum:

A

***

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71
Q

A unicellular organism is discovered that has the following characteristics: a nucleus, a cell wall, and photosynthetic cells. This organism is most likely to be classified as

A

a protist

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72
Q

A student observes an organism under a microscope. It is unicellular, eukaryotic, has threadlike branches, and a chitinous cell wall. Which kingdom is the organism most likely to be classified under?

A

Fungi

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73
Q

All of the following groups of organisms are photosynthetic EXCEPT:

A

Stentor

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74
Q

Which of the following groups of organisms lack motility?

A

Sporozoa

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75
Q

Asexual reproduction in fungi can be carried out by

A

stolon

76
Q

Paramecium caudatum is best classified into the kingdom:

A

Protista

77
Q

A substance made of different elements that are chemically combined is a

A

compound

78
Q

In many solutions, water is the

A

solvent

79
Q

What steps of cellular respiration cannot continue in the absence of oxygen?

A

Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport only

80
Q

The covalent bond that joins amino acids together in proteins is called

A

a peptide bond

81
Q

Molecules made of many simple sugars bonded together are

A

polysaccharides

82
Q

The pH of pure water is

A

7.0

83
Q

Inside a cell the cytoplasm is 90% water and 10% solute. The extracellular environment is 95% water and 5% solute. Over time the cell will:

A

enlarge and experience lysis

84
Q

The cellular structure that is involved in producing ATP during aerobic respiration is the

A

mitochondrion

85
Q

Which of the following cellular structures are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Ribosome

86
Q

The plasma membrane consists principally of

A

proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer

87
Q

All of the following characterize microtubules EXCEPT:

A

They develop from the plasma membrane.

88
Q

Lysosomes are

A

involved in the digestion of substances

89
Q

Mitochondria

A

are often more numerous near areas of major cellular activity

90
Q

A common feature of starch and glycogen is that molecules of both

A

are polymers of glucose

91
Q

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

A

the release of a water molecule

92
Q

Each of the following molecules is a polymer EXCEPT:

A

glucose

93
Q

All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT:

A

polypeptide

94
Q

A solution with a pH of 10 is how many times more basic than a solution with a pH of 8?

A

100

95
Q

The conversion of lactose to glucose and galactose involves the addition to the lactose molecule of which of the following species?

A

H2O

96
Q

Hydrolysis of lipid molecules yields:

A

fatty acids and glycerol

97
Q

Enzymes affect biochemical reactions by:

A

accelerating the reaction rates

98
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  • Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded
  • DNA contains the pentose sugar ribose while RNA contains deoxyribose
  • DNA has a pentose sugar, while RNA has a hexose
  • Both DNA and RNA contain bases adenine and thymine
  • Only RNA uses the base uracil while only DNA contains thymine
  • Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
A

Only RNA uses the base uracil while only DNA contains thymine

Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.

99
Q

Isomers of a given nutrient molecule have:

A

the same molecular formula

100
Q

The nitrogenous base that is complementary to uracil is:

A

adenine

101
Q

Water can absorb large amounts of heat and still remain liquid because of its high

A

specific heat capacity

102
Q

A negative ion is an atom that has

A

gained an electron and become negative

103
Q

A positive ion is an atom that has

A

lost an electron and become positive

104
Q

Ice floats on water because of the

A

lower density of ice

105
Q

The attraction of dissimilar molecules to each other illustrates

A

adhesion

106
Q

The ability of similar molecules to attract each other best illustrates

A

cohesion

107
Q

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

108
Q

A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs

A

Activation energy

109
Q

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

A

Microtubules

110
Q

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

A

Cytolysis

111
Q

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution

A

Isotonic solution

112
Q

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

A

Cytoskeleton

113
Q

A bond that links amino acids together in a protein

A

Peptide bond

114
Q

Chemicals that result from atoms linking together

A

Molecules

115
Q

Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

116
Q

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Diffusion

117
Q

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

118
Q

Anything that has mass and takes up space

A

Matter

119
Q

A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process

A

Catalyst

120
Q

The breakdown of absorbed substances

A

Digestion

121
Q

Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons

A

Ions

122
Q

Organelles that store starches or oils

A

Leucoplasts

123
Q

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids

A

Lysosome

124
Q

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

125
Q

Producing more cells

A

Reproduction

126
Q

Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion

A

Waste vacuoles

127
Q

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

A

Middle lamella

128
Q

L

A

Nucleus

129
Q

F

A

Plasma Membrane

130
Q

N

A

Vacuole

131
Q

A

A

Secretion Vesicle

132
Q

I

A

Smooth ER

133
Q

C

A

Mitochondrion

134
Q

When you make ice cubes, are you causing a chemical change or a physical change?
[Enter one word – CHEMICAL or PHYSICAL]

A

PHYSICAL

135
Q

Saturated is to single bond as __________ is to double bond.

A

unsaturated

136
Q

Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:

A

Telophase

137
Q

Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:

A

Prophase

138
Q

Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:

A

Metaphase

139
Q

Identify the phase of mitosis for each diagram:

A

Anaphase

140
Q

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

A

Antigen

141
Q

A genotype in which both alleles are identical

A

Homozygous genotype

142
Q

A genotype with two different alleles

A

Heterozygous genotype

143
Q

A person who is heterozygous in a recessive genetic disorder

A

Genetic disease carrier

144
Q

A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait

A

Monohybrid cross

145
Q

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual

A

Sex chromosomes

146
Q

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

A

Sex chromosomes

147
Q

Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome

A

Autosomal inheritance

148
Q

If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic.

A

True breeding

149
Q

An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous in that allele

A

Recessive allele

150
Q

Those “nonbiological” factors that are involved in a person’s surroundings such as the nature of the person’s parents, the person’s friends, and the person’s behavioral choices

A

Environmental factors

151
Q

Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction

A

Gametes

152
Q

Division of nuclear material

A

Mitosis

153
Q

The RNA that performs transcription

A

Messenger RNA

154
Q

A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair

A

Haploid cell

155
Q

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body’s production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen

A

Vaccine

156
Q

A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA

A

Anticodon

157
Q

The region that joins two sister chromatids

A

Centromere

158
Q

DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell

A

Chromosome

159
Q

A non-cellular infectious agent that has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat and it cannot reproduce on its own.

A

Virus

160
Q

Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):

A

Metaphase of Mitosis

161
Q

Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):

A

Anaphase II

162
Q

Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):

A

Telophase II

163
Q

Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):

A

Metaphase II

164
Q

Identify the phase for each diagram (The normal diploid number for the cells is four chromosomes):

A

Metaphase I

165
Q

If you were watching a cell divide, give three observations that would indicate that the division was meiosis and not mitosis. (3 Marks)

A

Chromosome pairs line up in middle during Meiosis I but not in Mitosis
Chromosome pairs split during Meiosis I not double chromosomes splitting as in Mitosis
Two resulting cells continue to divide with one chromosome of each in Meiosis.

166
Q

Using ‘E’ and ‘e’ to represent the alleles, indicate the genotype of the following individuals:

  • I-1
  • I-2
  • II-1
  • II-2
  • II-3
A
  • ee
  • Ee
  • ee
  • Ee
  • Ee
167
Q

Indicate the phenotype of the following individuals:

  • I-1
  • I-2
  • II-1
  • II-2
  • II-3
A
  • Attatched
  • Free
  • Attached
  • Free
  • Free
168
Q

Indicate the sex of the following individuals:

  • I-1
  • I-2
  • II-1
  • II-2
  • II-3
A
  • Male
  • Female
  • Female
  • Male
  • Male
169
Q

In a certain plant, seed color can be yellow or green. Seed shape can be smooth or wrinkled. Complete the Punnett Square for the cross between two plants that are heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Both parents are smooth and green.

Parental Phenotypes: _____ x _____

A

Smooth/Green x Smooth/Green

170
Q

In a certain plant, seed color can be yellow or green. Seed shape can be smooth or wrinkled. Complete the Punnett Square for the cross between two plants that are heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Both parents are smooth and green.

Parental Genotypes: _____ x _____

A

SsGg x SsGg

171
Q

In a certain plant, seed color can be yellow or green. Seed shape can be smooth or wrinkled. Complete the Punnett Square for the cross between two plants that are heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Both parents are smooth and green.

Parental Gametes: _____ x _____

A

SG Sg sG sg x SG Sg sG sg

172
Q
A
173
Q

Find the phenotypic ratio of the offspring (note you may want to complete a 4 x 4 Punnett Square like this):

[Indicate the number of each phenotype expected out of 16 offspring]:

  • Smooth/Green:
  • Wrinkled/Green:
  • Smooth/Yellow:
  • Wrinkled/Yellow:
A
  • Smooth/Green: 9
  • Wrinkled/Green: 3
  • Smooth/Yellow: 3
  • Wrinkled/Yellow: 1
174
Q

A bacteriophage

A

is a virus that infects bacteria

175
Q

Viruses have

A

the ability to replicate their genetic material

176
Q

Which of the following cellular organelles is most closely associated with the transcription activity of RNA?

A

Nucleus

177
Q

The correct sequence between genes and their phenotypic expression is

A

DNA RNA protein trait

178
Q

Which of the following substances is found in RNA molecules but not in DNA molecules?

A

Ribose

179
Q

If a messenger RNA codon is UAC, which of the following would be the complementary anticodon triplet in the transfer RNA?

A

AUG

180
Q

All viruses consist of

A

a nucleic acid and a protein coat

181
Q

The end products of translation are

A

polypeptides

182
Q

Protein synthesis consists of all of the following steps EXCEPT:

A

replication

183
Q

The genetic instructions for forming a polypeptide chain are carried to the ribosome by the

A

mRNA

184
Q

Which of the following best expresses the concept of the word “allele”?

A

Genes for wrinkled and round

185
Q

A human genetic defect that is caused by Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes is

A

Turner syndrome

186
Q

A section of a DNA strand is CCA. If it is transcribed, what will be the mRNA codon?

A

GGU

187
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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