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Question 1

In determining your traits, your ______ sets a range of possible characteristics, called your _______ __________, and your activities determine what portion of that range is manifested in your body.

Answer 1

In determining your traits, your DNA sets a range of possible characteristics, called your genetic tendency, and your activities determine what portion of that range is manifested in your body.

Question 2

The three factors that determine the characteristics of a person are ______________, _________________, and ______________________.

Answer 2

The three factors that determine the characteristics of a person are genetic factors, environmental factors, and spiritual factors.

Question 3

Of the three factors listed above, __________________ are laid down first. The information in an organism’s DNA is split up into little groups known as _________.

Answer 3

Of the three factors listed above, genetic factors are laid down first. The information in an organism’s DNA is split up into little groups known as genes.

Question 4

By and large, the tasks that a cell can complete are dependent on the ___________ that it produces.

Answer 4

By and large, the tasks that a cell can complete are dependent on the proteins that it produces.

Question 5

Like DNA, the nucleotides of _____ join together in long strands. Unlike DNA, however, they do not form a ________ _______. Like DNA, ______ has four nucleotide bases: __________, __________, ____________,and ___________. Of these four nucleotide bases, __________links to __________ (and vice-versa), and __________links to __________ (and vice-versa). Unlike DNA, the sugar that makes up the foundation of the nucleotides in ______ is ________.

Answer 5

Like DNA, the nucleotides of RNA join together in long strands. Unlike DNA, however, they do not form a double helix. Like DNA, RNA has four nucleotide bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Of these four nucleotide bases, adenine links to uracil (and vice-versa), and cytosine links to guanine (and vice-versa). Unlike DNA, the sugar that makes up the foundation of the nucleotides in RNA is ribose.

Question 6

One of RNA’s jobs is to take a “negative image” of the cell’s DNA out of the ___________ and to the _______________. The RNA that does this job is called __________________________.

Answer 6

One of RNA’s jobs is to take a “negative image” of the cell’s DNA out of the nucleus and to the ribosome. The RNA that does this job is called messenger RNA (mRNA).

Question 7

Protein synthesis in the cell can be split into two basic steps: ___________ and ___________.

Answer 7

Protein synthesis in the cell can be split into two basic steps: transcription and translation.

Question 8

In ___________, ________ make a “negative image” of the cell’s DNA. It does this by building a molecule that has __________anywhere the DNA has a thymine, __________ anywhere DNA has an adenine, __________anywhere that DNA has a guanine, and __________anywhere that DNA has a cytosine. The newly-built _______ molecule then leaves the _________ and heads to the __________.

Answer 8

In transcription, mRNA make a “negative image” of the cell’s DNA. It does this by building a molecule that has adenine anywhere the DNA has a thymine, uracil anywhere DNA has an adenine, cytosine anywhere that DNA has a guanine, and guanine anywhere that DNA has a cytosine. The newly-built mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and heads to the ribosome.

Question 9

The information in the ________ that leaves the nucleus is contained in a three-nucleotide-base sequence called a ________. Each ________specifies an __________ in the protein that is to be made.

Answer 9

The information in the mRNA that leaves the nucleus is contained in a three-nucleotide-base sequence called a codon. Each codon specifies an amino acid in the protein that is to be made.

Question 10

Translation occurs at the ________, which is surrounded by a lot of RNA molecules that have an __________ attached. This type of RNA is called _____________________. The tRNA has a three- nucleotide-base sequence called an __________. If one of these __________can link to a _______ on the mRNA, it will do so, pulling the __________ along with it. This causes __________ to line up in the particular sequence specified by the mRNA, and the amino acids are then linked to form a ______.

Answer 10

Translation occurs at the ribosome, which is surrounded by a lot of RNA molecules that have an amino acid attached. This type of RNA is called t_ransfer RNA (tRNA)_. The tRNA has a three- nucleotide-base sequence called an anticodon. If one of these anticodons can link to a codon on the mRNA, it will do so, pulling the amino acid along with it. This causes amino acids to line up in the particular sequence specified by the mRNA, and the amino acids are then linked to form a protein.

Question 11

A __________ that has the sequence adenine, uracil, guanine will attract a tRNA molecule with an __________ that has the sequence __________, __________, __________.

Answer 11

A codon that has the sequence adenine, uracil, guanine will attract a tRNA molecule with an anticodon that has the sequence uracil, adenine, cytosine.

Question 12

Eukaryotic genes contain sections called ________ (instructions for making a protein) and ______ (best described as “spacers”). Between _________ and _______, the mRNA must be processed. This processing removes the ________ and splices the ______ together.

Answer 12

Eukaryotic genes contain sections called exons (instructions for making a protein) and introns (best described as “spacers”). Between transcription and translation, the mRNA must be processed. This processing removes the introns and splices the exons together.

Question 13

The ______ of a eukaryotic cell is tightly bound together with a network of proteins. Certain proteins, called _____________, act as spools, which wind up small stretches of ______. The DNA wrapped around these _____________ form what could be described as “beads on a string,” which we call _____________. Other proteins stabilize and support these spools, making a complex network of DNA coils and proteins. This network is called a _____________.

Answer 13

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is tightly bound together with a network of proteins. Certain proteins, called histones, act as spools, which wind up small stretches of DNA. The DNA wrapped around these histones form what could be described as “beads on a string,” which we call nucleosomes. Other proteins stabilize and support these spools, making a complex network of DNA coils and proteins. This network is called a chromosome.

Question 14

Asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells is called ________. The stages of this process, in order, are ________, ________, ________, and ________. When the cell is not reproducing, it is said to be in ________. This process takes one __________ cell and produces two __________ cells.

Answer 14

Asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells is called mitosis. The stages of this process, in order, are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. When the cell is not reproducing, it is said to be in interphase. This process takes one diploid cell and produces two diploid cells.

Question 15

In a __________ cell, chromosomes come in ____________ pairs. A __________ cell has only one member from each pair.

Answer 15

In a diploid cell, chromosomes come in homologous pairs. A haploid cell has only one member from each pair.

Question 16

The familiar “X” shape a chromosome takes occurs because _____________________________ _________________________. Nevertheless, this still counts as only ________ chromosome.

Answer 16

The familiar “X” shape a chromosome takes occurs because the chromosome is duplicated, and the duplicate is attached. Nevertheless, this still counts as only one chromosome.

Question 17

Genetically, sex is determined by ____________, which typically come in two forms: __ and __.

Answer 17

Genetically, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, which typically come in two forms: X and Y.

Question 18

__________ is the process by which _______ are produced for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It starts with one _________ cell and produces _______________. In males, ________ of the products are viable and are called ______. In females, _______ of the products is viable, and it is called an ___.

Answer 18

Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It starts with one diploid cell and produces four haploid cells. In males, all four of the products are viable and are called sperm. In females, only one of the products is viable, and it is called an egg.

Question 19

____________ occurs in two broad steps, called ____________ and ____________. In the first step, the chromosomes are all duplicated, and then the _______________ are separated, resulting in _____________ with ___________ chromosomes. In the second step, the ___________ are separated from the ___________, resulting in a total of ___________________ with __________ chromosomes.

Answer 19

Meiosis occurs in two broad steps, called meiosis I and meiosis II. In the first step, the chromosomes are all duplicated, and then the homologous pairs are separated, resulting in two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes. In the second step, the duplicates are separated from the originals, resulting in a total of four haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes.

Question 20

An organism has diploid cells that contain 20 chromosomes. If one of these cells undergoes mitosis, ____ cells with ___ chromosomes each will be produced. If it undergoes meiosis, _____ cells with ___ chromosomes each will be produced.

Answer 20

An organism has diploid cells that contain 20 chromosomes. If one of these cells undergoes mitosis, two cells with 20 chromosomes each will be produced. If it undergoes meiosis, four cells with 10 chromosomes each will be produced.

Question 21

When two _______ cells fuse in fertilization, the result is a _______ cell, which is called a _____.

Answer 21

When two haploid cells fuse in fertilization, the result is a diploid cell, which is called a zygote.

Question 22

A _____is a chemical entity that is not truly alive, but can infect cells via the ________________. Although it is not alive, it has either _____or _____as its genetic material, and that material is housed in a protective _____________. These chemical entities cause a wide range of ___________ in people and animals. One particular type of ______, the _________________, even infects bacteria.

Answer 22

A virus is a chemical entity that is not truly alive, but can infect cells via the lytic pathway. Although it is not alive, it has either DNA or RNA as its genetic material, and that material is housed in a protective protein coat. These chemical entities cause a wide range of diseases in people and animals. One particular type of virus, the bacteriophage, even infects bacteria.

Question 23

Your body has several means by which it can protect itself from them, included _______________ that engulf pathogens and __________, which are specialized proteins that help to ward off pathogens. Once your body produces __________against a particular pathogen, it can remember how to make them in case you are infected again. This is the principle behind a __________, which is one of the most effective means of protecting yourself against certain viruses.

Answer 23

Your body has several means by which it can protect itself from them, included phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and antibodies, which are specialized proteins that help to ward off pathogens. Once your body produces antibodies against a particular pathogen, it can remember how to make them in case you are infected again. This is the principle behind a vaccine, which is one of the most effective means of protecting yourself against certain viruses.

Question 24

Since animal cells have __________ pairs of __________, we know genes come in _____, with one ____ on each __________ chromosome. Each gene that makes up one of these pairs is called an ____.

Answer 24

Since animal cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes, we know genes come in pairs, with one gene on each homologous chromosome. Each gene that makes up one of these pairs is called an allele.

Question 25

Gregor Mendel’s life story shows what can happen when a person has a true desire to ______. His sacrifices for his ___________ allowed him to unlock one of the deep ___________ of God’s creation. Mendel’s story also shows that when you ______, you should not give up. Finally, his willingness to put all of that away in order to defend the __________ against an attack from the ________________ shows that Mendel had the proper set of priorities.

Answer 25

Gregor Mendel’s life story shows what can happen when a person has a true desire to learn. His sacrifices for his education allowed him to unlock one of the deep mysteries of God’s creation. Mendel’s story also shows that when you fail, you should not give up. Finally, his willingness to put all of that away in order to defend the faith against an attack from the government shows that Mendel had the proper set of priorities.

Question 26

The __________ of an organism is essentially a list of its alleles. The ___________ of an organism is the observable expression of those alleles.

Answer 26

The genotype of an organism is essentially a list of its alleles. The phenotype of an organism is the observable expression of those alleles.

Question 27

Mendel’s principles in updated terminology:

1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________

Answer 27

Mendel’s principles in updated terminology:

1. The traits of an organism are determined by its genes.
2. Each organism has two alleles that make up the genotype for a given trait.
3. In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes ONLY ONE of its alleles to its offspring.
4. In each genotype, there is a dominant allele. If it exists in an organism, the phenotype is determined by that allele.

Question 28

A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations is called a __________.

Answer 28

A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations is called a pedigree.

Question 29

When you cross two individuals concentrating on only one trait, you are performing a ___________ _____. A _______________ still deals with two individuals, but it concentrates on two separate traits.

Answer 29

When you cross two individuals concentrating on only one trait, you are performing a monohybrid cross. A dihybrid cross still deals with two individuals, but it concentrates on two separate traits.

Question 30

Some traits are sex-linked, which means the alleles that define those traits are found on the _______ ___________ rather than the _________________.

Answer 30

Some traits are sex-linked, which means the alleles that define those traits are found on the sex chromosomes rather than the autosomes.

Question 31

Many traits are caused by the interaction of several genes. This is called _____________________. Some traits are controlled by alleles that exhibit _______________________, which means the alleles tend to “mix” rather than one dominating the other. In some cases, one set of alleles might affect how another set of alleles is expressed. This is called _____________. Sometimes, a single gene can affect multiple observable traits, which is called _____________. Often, there are __________________ for a gene, such as the human gene for blood type, which has A, B, and O alleles. In blood type, A and B are dominant over O but not dominant over each other. This is an example of ___________________.

Answer 31

Many traits are caused by the interaction of several genes. This is called polygenetic inheritance. Some traits are controlled by alleles that exhibit incomplete dominance, which means the alleles tend to “mix” rather than one dominating the other. In some cases, one set of alleles might affect how another set of alleles is expressed. This is called epistasis. Sometimes, a single gene can affect multiple observable traits, which is called pleiotrophy. Often, there are multiple alleles for a gene, such as the human gene for blood type, which has A, B, and O alleles. In blood type, A and B are dominant over O but not dominant over each other. This is an example of codominance.

Question 32

When an antigen is introduced into the blood, the body’s response is to produce an ____________.

Answer 32

When an antigen is introduced into the blood, the body’s response is to produce an antibody.

Question 33

The “+” and “-” in blood type refers to the ____________, which is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. The “__” allele is dominant, while the “__” allele is recessive.

Answer 33

The “+” and “-” in blood type refers to the Rh factor, which is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. The “+” allele is dominant, while the “-” allele is recessive.

Question 34

There are at least five means by which genetic abnormalities occur. In ___________________, a genetic abnormality is passed through the autosomes. In __________________, a genetic abnormality is passed through the sex chromosomes. In _____________, one of the alleles of a gene is chemically changed. In __________________________, a chromosome can gain or lose genes. In ____________ ________________________, a cell can wind up with too many or too few of a specific chromosome.

Answer 34

There are at least five means by which genetic abnormalities occur. In autosomal inheritance, a genetic abnormality is passed through the autosomes. In sex-linked inheritance, a genetic abnormality is passed through the sex chromosomes. In allele mutation, one of the alleles of a gene is chemically changed. In change in the chromosome structure, a chromosome can gain or lose genes. In change in the chromosome number, a cell can wind up with too many or too few of a specific chromosome.