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anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

epithelium

A

covers body surfaces
lines body cavities
forms majority of glands

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2
Q

funktions of epithelium tissue

A

physical protection
seletive permeability
secretions
sensations

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3
Q

simple epithelium

A 
cells in direct contact with basement membrane
filteration
absorption
secretion
lines alveoli and intestines
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4
Q

stratified epithelium

A

2+ layers of ET
areas where mechanical stress is present
lines esophagus and bladder
regenerate

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5
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

layered bc of nuclei

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6
Q

sqaumous

A

thin and flat

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7
Q

cuboidal

A

cube like with round nucleus

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8
Q

columnar

A

tall cells with oval nuclei

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9
Q

transitional cells

A

change shape when stretched

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10
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET

A

all cells alive

kept moist with secretions

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11
Q

keratinized stratified squamous ET

A

dead cells
cells lack nuclei
filled with keratin
only in epidermis

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12
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless

secrete hormones into blood

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13
Q

exocrine glands

A

sweat, mammary, salivary

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

most diverse, abundant and widely found
supports, protets, and binds organs
cells, protein, fibers

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15
Q

funktions of connective tissue

A 
protection
support and framework
binding structures
storage
transport
immune protectioj
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16
Q

loose CT

A

protein fibers are sparse and irregular arranged

supports structures

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17
Q

dense CT

A

mostly protein fibers

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18
Q

cartilage

A

firm extracellular matrix
collagen and elastic fibers
flexible
avascular

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19
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common
barely visible collagen fibers
pairs of cells
nose, trachea, larynx

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20
Q

fibrocartilage

A

weight bearing
resist compression
invertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joint

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21
Q

elastic cartilage

A

flexible

densely packed elastic fibers

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22
Q

bone

A

solid than cartilage, less flexible

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23
Q

compact bone

A

repeasting osteons
location of blood vessels and nerves
canaliculi

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24
Q

blood

A

fluid CT with plasma

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25
muscle tissue
cells contract when stimulated= movement
26
skeletal muscle tissue
striated and voluntary moves skeleton multinucleated
27
cardiac muscle tissue
``` heart only striations one or two nuclei intercalated discs involuntary ```
28
smooth muscle tissue
visceral and involuntary lacks striations intestins, stomach, airway, bladder, blood vessels
29
nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerve
30
plasma membrane
forms barrier separating internal and external environment lipids and proteins regulates movements cilia, flagellum, microvilli
31
plasma membran permeability
small and nonpolar substance can pass without aid lipid soluble or lipids cannot pass water soluble can pass
32
phospholipids
form chemical barriers of cell membranes polar and hydrophilic head nonpolar and hydrophobic tails
33
components of plasma membrane
phospholipids cholesterol glycolipids
34
plasma membrane transport
physical barrier establishes and maintains gradient cell communication passive vs active
35
passive transport
does not require energy substances move DOWN gradient high to low concentration diffusion and osmosis
36
active transport
requires energy moved up the gradient (against) vesicular transport pumped
37
diffusion
``` substance move from high to low concentration constant motion from kinetic energy continues until equilibrium reached even distribution leak ```
38
rate of diffusion depends on
measure of difference in concentraion of areas | larger gradient = faster rate
39
simple diffusion
molecules dissolve in lipid bilayer or between phospholipids small and nonpolar solutes not regulated by plasma membrane depends on concentration gradient
40
facilitated diffusion
transport of small charged or polar requires assisstance from plasma membrane proteins channel mediated and carr mediated
41
channel mediated diffusion
move small ions through water filled protein channels | leak and gated channels
42
carrier mediated diffusion
small polar molecules move via carrier protein binding changes carrier protein shape move down gradient
43
osmosis
passive movement of water through seletively permeable membrane differences in water concentration on either side high water to low water
44
net movement of water via osmosis
depend on gradient between cytosol and solution moves down gradient moves until reach equilibrium goal of water is always dilute out the stronger solution
45
osmotic pressure
pressure exerted by movement of water across semipermeable membrane determined by amount of solute water always follows solute
46
sodium and potassium pump
needs energy because its against gradient leak channels Na moves out of cell K moves into cell
47
establish and maintain RMP
more positive on outside than insidre of cell
48
role of K in RMP
most important of RMP K diffuses out cell via leak channels many leak channels
49
role of Na in RMP
Na diffuses into cells via leak channels | less leak channels for Na
50
anterior
front
51
posterior
back
52
proximal
close to middle
53
distal
farther away from middle
54
homeostasis (ESSAY)
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions receptors, control center, effector
55
negative feedback
``` controls most processes variables flucutates around set point homeostatic control responds to move variable in opposite direction to bring it to normal restores homeostasis temperature regulation ```
56
positive feedback
stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction intil climatic event occurs then returns to homeostasis childbirth, breastfeeding, blood clotting, ovulation
57
organic molecules
molecules that contain carbon component of living organism 4 classes
58
4 organic molecules
triglycerides phospholipids steroids eicosanoids
59
triglycerides
most common lipid long term energy storage in adipose structural support, cushioning, insulation
60
steroids
hyrdrocarbon arranged in rings | cholesterol, hormones, bile salts
61
carbohydrates
glucose most common | supply energy to cells
62
nucleic acids
store and transfer genetic info | 5 nitrogenous bases
63
proteins
``` serve as catalysts in reactions act in defense aid in transport structural support and movemone regulate and storage bond of amino acids ```
64
funktion of integumentary system
skin strength and resiliance nerves allow detection of touch, pressure, etc protect internal structures epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous barrier, protection from chemicals, trauma, water loss
65
epidermis
top 5 layers living and dead cells touch and immunity cells
66
dermis
middle layer of CT, collagen, elastic, reticular blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair papillary and reticular layer
67
subcutaneous tissue
areolar and adipose CT pads and protects body energy reservoir
68
skeletal system parts
bone cartilage tendons and ligaments other CT
69
skeletal system funktions
supporting framework protection movement
70
hormones that influence bone growth
growth hormone thyroid hormone estrogen and testosterone glucocorticoids
71
funktions of skeletal muscle tissue
``` excitability conductivity contractivity elasticity extensiblity ```
72
nervous system funktion
communication and control system collects info process and evaluate info initiate response to info
73
parts of nervous system
cns- brains and spinal cord pns- nerves and ganglia nerve- bundle of axons ganglia- neuron cell bodies
74
sensory nervous system
afferent (away) recieves infor from receptors and sends to cns somatic (skeletal) and visceral (organs)
75
motor nervous system
efferent (exit) initiates motor output and transmits it fron cns to effectors somatic- controls skeletals muscles autonomic- controls smooth, cardiac, and glands
76
4 brain regions
cerebrum diecephalon brainstem cerebellum
77
thalamus
sensory relay station
78
hypothalamus
``` control autonomic nervous system control endocrine system regulate temp, emotions food and water intake sleep-wake rhythms ```
79
pons
includes sensory and motor tract connect brain to spinal cord
80
medulla
motor tracts | cardiac, vasomotor, breathing center
81
cerebellum
fine tunes movements stores previously learned movements smoothness
82
limbic system
emotional brain
83
effector of somatic motor ns
skeletal muscle
84
effector of autonomic motor ns
smooth muscle | cardiac muscle, glands
85
number of neurons bw cns and effector of somatic motor ns
1
86
number of neurons be cns and effector of autonomic motor ns
2
87
neurotransmitter of somatic motor ns
achetycholine
88
neurotransmitter of autonomic motor ns
ach or norepinephrine
89
effect of neurotransmitter binding to receptor of somatic motor ns
excitatory
90
effect of neurotransmitter binding to receptor of autonomic motor ns
excitatory or inhibitory
91
parasympathetic facts
``` rest and digest craniosacral divison preganglionic axons are long postganglionic axons are short terminal ganglia preganglionic axons have few branches localized effects nuscarinic or nicotinic ```
92
sympathetic facts
``` prepare for exercise and emergency thoracolumbar division preganglionic axons are short postganglionic axons are long immediate ganglia alpha or beta receptors= adenergic ```
93
parasympathetic innervation on body
``` slows heart rate increase GI motility constrict pupils increase urine bronchoconstriction ```
94
sympathetic innervation on body
``` increase heart rate decrease GI motility dilates pupil decrease urine bronchodilation ```
95
endocrine system
ductless that synthesize and secrete hormones target cells that have specific receptors via blood longer reaction times and longer lasting effects
96
funktions of endocrine party
regulate development, growth, metabolism maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume control digestive process control reproductive activities
97
funktions of blood
transportation protection regulate of body conditions fluid balance
98
parts of cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
99
funktion of cardiovascular system
transport blood allows exchange between capillaries and body cells deliever blood to tissues
100
respiratory system funktions
``` air exchange and movement o2 diffuse from alveoli into blood co2 diffuse from blood into alveoli odor detection sound production ```
101
urinary system funktions
filter waste products from blood to make urine regulate of ion levels and acid base balance regulate blood pressure eliminate molecules calcitriol produce erythropoietin
102
parts of urinary system
kidneys ureter bladder urethra
103
digestive system funktions
``` ingestion motility secretion digestion absorption elimination ```
104
organs of digestive system
``` oral cavity esophagus pharynx small and large intestine stomach pancreas appendix liver gallbladder ```
105
funktion of reproductive system
produce gamete | produce sex hormones
106
female reproductive organs
``` ovaries fallopian tubes uterus breasts vagina ```
107
male reproductive organd
``` testes spermatic cord seminderous tubules ductus deferens ejaculatory duct seminal vesicle prostate penis ```
108
sodium and RMP
diffuses into cell less negative = depolarize EPSP more likely to create AP
109
Cl and RMP
diffuses into cell more negative = hyperpolarize IPSP less likely to create AP
110
K and RMP
diffuses out of cell more negative = hyperpolarize IPSP less likely to create AP
111
action potential phases
1) axon has RMP of -70 mv 2) graded potential reach initial segment (-70 to -55) 3) depolarization to threshold (-55) voltage gated Na open (-55 to +30) 4) repolarization- close Na channels and open voltage gated K channels (+30 to -70) 5) hyperpolarization- voltage gated K remain open (-70 to -80) 6) voltage gated K channels close return to RMP (-70) via Na/K pump

anatomy (7 decks)

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