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anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

epithelium

A

covers body surfaces
lines body cavities
forms majority of glands

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2
Q

funktions of epithelium tissue

A

physical protection
seletive permeability
secretions
sensations

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3
Q

simple epithelium

A 
cells in direct contact with basement membrane
filteration
absorption
secretion
lines alveoli and intestines
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4
Q

stratified epithelium

A

2+ layers of ET
areas where mechanical stress is present
lines esophagus and bladder
regenerate

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5
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

layered bc of nuclei

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6
Q

sqaumous

A

thin and flat

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7
Q

cuboidal

A

cube like with round nucleus

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8
Q

columnar

A

tall cells with oval nuclei

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9
Q

transitional cells

A

change shape when stretched

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10
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET

A

all cells alive

kept moist with secretions

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11
Q

keratinized stratified squamous ET

A

dead cells
cells lack nuclei
filled with keratin
only in epidermis

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12
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless

secrete hormones into blood

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13
Q

exocrine glands

A

sweat, mammary, salivary

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

most diverse, abundant and widely found
supports, protets, and binds organs
cells, protein, fibers

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15
Q

funktions of connective tissue

A 
protection
support and framework
binding structures
storage
transport
immune protectioj
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16
Q

loose CT

A

protein fibers are sparse and irregular arranged

supports structures

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17
Q

dense CT

A

mostly protein fibers

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18
Q

cartilage

A

firm extracellular matrix
collagen and elastic fibers
flexible
avascular

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19
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common
barely visible collagen fibers
pairs of cells
nose, trachea, larynx

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20
Q

fibrocartilage

A

weight bearing
resist compression
invertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joint

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21
Q

elastic cartilage

A

flexible

densely packed elastic fibers

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22
Q

bone

A

solid than cartilage, less flexible

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23
Q

compact bone

A

repeasting osteons
location of blood vessels and nerves
canaliculi

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24
Q

blood

A

fluid CT with plasma

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25
Q

muscle tissue

A

cells contract when stimulated= movement

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26
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated and voluntary
moves skeleton
multinucleated

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27
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A 
heart only
striations
one or two nuclei
intercalated discs
involuntary
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28
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

visceral and involuntary
lacks striations
intestins, stomach, airway, bladder, blood vessels

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29
Q

nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerve

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30
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms barrier separating internal and external environment
lipids and proteins
regulates movements
cilia, flagellum, microvilli

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31
Q

plasma membran permeability

A

small and nonpolar substance can pass without aid
lipid soluble or lipids cannot pass
water soluble can pass

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32
Q

phospholipids

A

form chemical barriers of cell membranes
polar and hydrophilic head
nonpolar and hydrophobic tails

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33
Q

components of plasma membrane

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
glycolipids

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34
Q

plasma membrane transport

A

physical barrier
establishes and maintains gradient
cell communication
passive vs active

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35
Q

passive transport

A

does not require energy
substances move DOWN gradient
high to low concentration
diffusion and osmosis

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36
Q

active transport

A

requires energy
moved up the gradient (against)
vesicular transport
pumped

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37
Q

diffusion

A 
substance move from high to low concentration
constant motion from kinetic energy
continues until equilibrium reached
even distribution
leak
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38
Q

rate of diffusion depends on

A

measure of difference in concentraion of areas

larger gradient = faster rate

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39
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecules dissolve in lipid bilayer or between phospholipids
small and nonpolar solutes
not regulated by plasma membrane
depends on concentration gradient

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40
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport of small charged or polar requires assisstance from plasma membrane proteins
channel mediated and carr mediated

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41
Q

channel mediated diffusion

A

move small ions through water filled protein channels

leak and gated channels

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42
Q

carrier mediated diffusion

A

small polar molecules move via carrier protein
binding changes carrier protein shape
move down gradient

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43
Q

osmosis

A

passive movement of water through seletively permeable membrane
differences in water concentration on either side
high water to low water

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44
Q

net movement of water via osmosis

A

depend on gradient between cytosol and solution
moves down gradient
moves until reach equilibrium
goal of water is always dilute out the stronger solution

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45
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by movement of water across semipermeable membrane
determined by amount of solute
water always follows solute

46
Q

sodium and potassium pump

A

needs energy because its against gradient
leak channels
Na moves out of cell
K moves into cell

47
Q

establish and maintain RMP

A

more positive on outside than insidre of cell

48
Q

role of K in RMP

A

most important of RMP
K diffuses out cell via leak channels
many leak channels

49
Q

role of Na in RMP

A

Na diffuses into cells via leak channels

less leak channels for Na

50
Q

anterior

A

front

51
Q

posterior

A

back

52
Q

proximal

A

close to middle

53
Q

distal

A

farther away from middle

54
Q

homeostasis (ESSAY)

A

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions
receptors, control center, effector

55
Q

negative feedback

A 
controls most processes
variables flucutates around set point
homeostatic control responds to move variable in opposite direction to bring it to normal
restores homeostasis
temperature regulation
56
Q

positive feedback

A

stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction intil climatic event occurs then returns to homeostasis
childbirth, breastfeeding, blood clotting, ovulation

57
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon
component of living organism
4 classes

58
Q

4 organic molecules

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

59
Q

triglycerides

A

most common lipid
long term energy storage in adipose
structural support, cushioning, insulation

60
Q

steroids

A

hyrdrocarbon arranged in rings

cholesterol, hormones, bile salts

61
Q

carbohydrates

A

glucose most common

supply energy to cells

62
Q

nucleic acids

A

store and transfer genetic info

5 nitrogenous bases

63
Q

proteins

A 
serve as catalysts in reactions
act in defense
aid in transport
structural support and movemone
regulate and storage
bond of amino acids
64
Q

funktion of integumentary system

A

skin
strength and resiliance
nerves allow detection of touch, pressure, etc
protect internal structures
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
barrier, protection from chemicals, trauma, water loss

65
Q

epidermis

A

top 5 layers
living and dead cells
touch and immunity cells

66
Q

dermis

A

middle layer of CT, collagen, elastic, reticular
blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, hair
papillary and reticular layer

67
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

areolar and adipose CT
pads and protects body
energy reservoir

68
Q

skeletal system parts

A

bone
cartilage
tendons and ligaments
other CT

69
Q

skeletal system funktions

A

supporting framework
protection
movement

70
Q

hormones that influence bone growth

A

growth hormone
thyroid hormone
estrogen and testosterone
glucocorticoids

71
Q

funktions of skeletal muscle tissue

A 
excitability
conductivity
contractivity
elasticity
extensiblity
72
Q

nervous system funktion

A

communication and control system
collects info
process and evaluate info
initiate response to info

73
Q

parts of nervous system

A

cns- brains and spinal cord
pns- nerves and ganglia
nerve- bundle of axons
ganglia- neuron cell bodies

74
Q

sensory nervous system

A

afferent (away)
recieves infor from receptors and sends to cns
somatic (skeletal) and visceral (organs)

75
Q

motor nervous system

A

efferent (exit)
initiates motor output and transmits it fron cns to effectors
somatic- controls skeletals muscles
autonomic- controls smooth, cardiac, and glands

76
Q

4 brain regions

A

cerebrum
diecephalon
brainstem
cerebellum

77
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station

78
Q

hypothalamus

A 
control autonomic nervous system
control endocrine system
regulate temp, emotions
food and water intake
sleep-wake rhythms
79
Q

pons

A

includes sensory and motor tract connect brain to spinal cord

80
Q

medulla

A

motor tracts

cardiac, vasomotor, breathing center

81
Q

cerebellum

A

fine tunes movements
stores previously learned movements
smoothness

82
Q

limbic system

A

emotional brain

83
Q

effector of somatic motor ns

A

skeletal muscle

84
Q

effector of autonomic motor ns

A

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle, glands

85
Q

number of neurons bw cns and effector of somatic motor ns

A

1

86
Q

number of neurons be cns and effector of autonomic motor ns

A

2

87
Q

neurotransmitter of somatic motor ns

A

achetycholine

88
Q

neurotransmitter of autonomic motor ns

A

ach or norepinephrine

89
Q

effect of neurotransmitter binding to receptor of somatic motor ns

A

excitatory

90
Q

effect of neurotransmitter binding to receptor of autonomic motor ns

A

excitatory or inhibitory

91
Q

parasympathetic facts

A 
rest and digest
craniosacral divison
preganglionic axons are long
postganglionic axons are short
terminal ganglia
preganglionic axons have few branches
localized effects
nuscarinic or nicotinic
92
Q

sympathetic facts

A 
prepare for exercise and emergency
thoracolumbar division
preganglionic axons are short
postganglionic axons are long
immediate ganglia
alpha or beta receptors= adenergic
93
Q

parasympathetic innervation on body

A 
slows heart rate
increase GI motility
constrict pupils
increase urine
bronchoconstriction
94
Q

sympathetic innervation on body

A 
increase heart rate
decrease GI motility
dilates pupil
decrease urine
bronchodilation
95
Q

endocrine system

A

ductless that synthesize and secrete hormones
target cells that have specific receptors
via blood
longer reaction times and longer lasting effects

96
Q

funktions of endocrine party

A

regulate development, growth, metabolism
maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume
control digestive process
control reproductive activities

97
Q

funktions of blood

A

transportation
protection
regulate of body conditions
fluid balance

98
Q

parts of cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

99
Q

funktion of cardiovascular system

A

transport blood
allows exchange between capillaries and body cells
deliever blood to tissues

100
Q

respiratory system funktions

A 
air exchange and movement
o2 diffuse from alveoli into blood
co2 diffuse from blood into alveoli
odor detection
sound production
101
Q

urinary system funktions

A

filter waste products from blood to make urine
regulate of ion levels and acid base balance
regulate blood pressure
eliminate molecules
calcitriol
produce erythropoietin

102
Q

parts of urinary system

A

kidneys
ureter
bladder
urethra

103
Q

digestive system funktions

A 
ingestion
motility
secretion
digestion
absorption
elimination
104
Q

organs of digestive system

A 
oral cavity
esophagus
pharynx
small and large intestine
stomach
pancreas
appendix
liver
gallbladder
105
Q

funktion of reproductive system

A

produce gamete

produce sex hormones

106
Q

female reproductive organs

A 
ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
breasts
vagina
107
Q

male reproductive organd

A 
testes
spermatic cord
seminderous tubules
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicle
prostate
penis
108
Q

sodium and RMP

A

diffuses into cell
less negative = depolarize
EPSP
more likely to create AP

109
Q

Cl and RMP

A

diffuses into cell
more negative = hyperpolarize
IPSP
less likely to create AP

110
Q

K and RMP

A

diffuses out of cell
more negative = hyperpolarize
IPSP
less likely to create AP

111
Q

action potential phases

A

1) axon has RMP of -70 mv
2) graded potential reach initial segment (-70 to -55)

3) depolarization to threshold (-55)
voltage gated Na open (-55 to +30)

4) repolarization- close Na channels and open voltage gated K channels (+30 to -70)
5) hyperpolarization- voltage gated K remain open (-70 to -80)

6) voltage gated K channels close
return to RMP (-70) via Na/K pump

anatomy (7 decks)

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