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anatomy > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis

A

stratified squamous kertanized ET

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2
Q

dermis

A

denser irregular CT

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3
Q

layers of skin

A 
basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum
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4
Q

stratum basale

A

simple cubiodal & columnar

connects epidermis to dermis

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5
Q

three cells in basale layer

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile cells

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6
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant
in all layers
produce keratin

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7
Q

keratin

A

makes skin water resistant

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8
Q

melanocytes

A

produce and store melanin
shield dna from uv radiation
skin tone

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9
Q

tactile cells

A

merkel cells
only in basale
touch

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10
Q

stratum spinosum

A

spiny

desomsomes

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11
Q

langerhans cells

A

spinosum and granulosum
immune response
response to pathogens and cancer cells

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12
Q

stratum granulosum

A

keratinization begins
keratinocytes fill with keratin
cells start to die

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13
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only im thick skin

protects against uv light

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14
Q

startum corneum

A

top layer
dead cells
shed

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15
Q

thick skin

A

palms and soles
all 5 layers
sweat glands
no hair or oil glands

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16
Q

thin skin

A

lacks lucidum

sweat, hair, and oil

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen binding protein in RBCs

gives blood vessels red tint

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18
Q

melanin

A

melanocytes
depends on heridity and light exposure
all have same number
dark skins have dark melanin

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19
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue
collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
immune function
blood, sweat, oil, hair, nail, sensory, arrector pilli msucles

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20
Q

layers of dermis

A

papillary and deeper reticular layer

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21
Q

papillary lauer

A

top
aerolar CT
dermal papillae - ridges

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22
Q

reticular layer

A

major part of dermis
dense irregular CT
collagen fiber bundles

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23
Q

stretch marks

A

collagen and elastic fibers

resist stress

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24
Q

lines of cleavage

A

tension lines

surgrey

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25
Q

collagen fibers

A

strength

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26
Q

elastic fibers

A

stretch and recoil

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27
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

areolar and adipose CT
pads and protects body
energy reservoir
thermal insulation

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28
Q

funktion of skin

A

protection
physical barrier
prevents water loss or gain
vitamen D production

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29
Q

vitamen D

A

synthesized from keratinocytes
upon uv exposure
stored in kidneys
increase absorption of calcium and phosphaye

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30
Q

temperature regulation

A

capillaries and sweat glands in dermis

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31
Q

vasoconstriction

A

vessels narrow
heat is lost
occurs when trying to comserve heat

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32
Q

vasodilation

A

vessels increase

results in pink skin tone

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33
Q

sensory reception

A

nerve fibers
monitor stimuli
sent to brain

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34
Q

nails

A

modified stratum corneum
protects tips of fingers
aids in graspin

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35
Q

hair

A

almost everywhere

keratinized cells

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36
Q

lanugo

A

fin
unpigmented
downy hair

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37
Q

vellus

A

fine hair
primary
upper and lower limbs

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38
Q

terminal

A

coarser
pigments
longer
scalp, eyebrows, pubic regions

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39
Q

hair bulb

A

hair orginates im dermis
surround hair papilla
living cells

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40
Q

root

A

area of hair from bulb to skin surface

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41
Q

shaft

A

hair beyond surface

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42
Q

hair follicle

A

into defmis amd subcutaneous layer

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43
Q

arrector pilli muscles

A

smooth muscle

goosebumps

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44
Q

function of hair

A

protects scalp from sunburn and injury
hair in nostrils traps particles
hair im ear protects from foreign matter
protects eyes

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45
Q

types of exocrine glands

A

sweat and sebacous

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46
Q

sweat glands

A

merocrine

apocrine

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47
Q

merocrine sweat glands

A

most numerous
discharge onto skin
secreat sweat
thermoregulation

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48
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

discharge secretions into hair follicles
carbon based secretions
produce ordor

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49
Q

sebaceous glands

A 
produce sebum (oil)
lubricates skin and hair
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50
Q

ceruminois glands

A

modified apocrine sweat glands
only in external ear canal
secrete waterproof cerumen
traps foreign materieal

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51
Q

components of skeletal system

A 
bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
CT
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52
Q

bones

A

rigid framework of body

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53
Q

types of bones

A

compact

spongy

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54
Q

compact bone

A

dense
dense CT
solid
80% of bome mass

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55
Q

spongy bone

A

cancellous or trabecular bone
under compact bone
appears porous
20% of bone mass

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56
Q

bones serve as attachment sites for

A

skeletal muslces
soft tissues
some organs

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57
Q

hemopoiesis

A

blood cell production
in red bone marrow CT
stem cells form blood cells and plateltes

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58
Q

bones stores

A

calcium and phosphate
released into blood as needed
lipids stored in yellow bone marrow

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59
Q

long bones

A

more longer than wide
have a diaphysis
most common
limbs

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60
Q

short bones

A

length equals width

carpal, tarsals, sesmoid, patella

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61
Q

flat bones

A

flat surfaces, slightly curved
muscle attachment
protect underlying tissues
roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

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62
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes

vertebrae

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63
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated cylindrical shaft

compact bone

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64
Q

medullary marrow cavity

A

hollow space inside diaphysis

conatins red bone marrow then yellow bome marrow in adults

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65
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of long bones

thin layer of compact bone

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66
Q

epiphyseal playe

A

thin hyaline cartilage
growth in length
becomes epiphyseal line

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67
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin hylime cartilahe at joints
reduces friction
shock absorber

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68
Q

periodteum

A

covers outer surface of bones
dense irregualr CT
anchors blood vessels and nerves
attachment for ligaments and tendons

inner layer
has bone cells
attached via collagen fibers

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69
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity

incomplete layer of cells

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70
Q

flat bone compostion

A

two layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between

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71
Q

bones are higly

A

vascularized

vessels enter from periodteum

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72
Q

nerves that supply bone

A

accompany blood vessels through foramen

mainly sensory nerves

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73
Q

bone marrow

A

soft CT of bone

red and yellow

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74
Q

red bone marrow

A

hemopoietic
retcular CT

kids: spongy bone and medullary cavity
adults: selected areas of axial skeleton

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75
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

product of red bone marrow degeneration
fatty substance
can convert back to red bone marrow

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76
Q

osteopeogenitor cells

A

derived from mesenchyme
matures to become osteoblast
located in periosteum and endosteum

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77
Q

osteblasts

A

side by side on bone surface
synthesize and secrete osteoid
osteod calcifies in matrix
differentiate into osteocytes

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78
Q

osteocytes

A

long bone forming abilitie
maintian bone matrix
detects stress
triggers creation of new bone matrix

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79
Q

osteoclasts

A

phagocytic cells
derived from fused bone marrow cells
involved in resorption

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80
Q

osteoid contains

A

collagen
ground substance
gives strenth by resisting stretch
bone flexibility

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81
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

salts crystals= calcium phosphate

hardens around collagen fibers which makes bones rigid

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82
Q

bone formation

A

secretion of osteoid

calcification occurs

bone resorption

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83
Q

bone production requres

A

vitamen d for calcium absorption

vitamen c for collagen formation

calcium and phosphate for calcification

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84
Q

bone resorpfoon

A

bone matrix destroyed
enzymes digest organic components
calcium and phosophate dissolve
extra calcium enters blood

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85
Q

compact bones have

A

osteons

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86
Q

perforating canals

volkmann canals

A

central canals
blood vessles amd nerves
perpendicular to centeal canal
conmects centeal canal with other osteons

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87
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone

entire circumference

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88
Q

imtersititial lamella

A

between osteons

incomplete without central canal

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89
Q

trabeculae

A

open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bones
bone marrow fills spaces
stress resistant

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90
Q

parallel lamellae

A

bone matrix
osteocytes between lamellae
canaliculi radiate from lacunae

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91
Q

ossification

A

formation and development of bone CT

begins in embryo

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92
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone growth within membrane

produced flat bones of skull and mandible

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93
Q

stemls of intramembraneou ossification

A

thickened regions of mesenchyme
cells become osteoprogenitor cells
others are osteoblasts

ostoid undergoes calcification

woven bone amd surround periosteum form

lamellar bone replaces woven bine
bones form trabeculae
layers of compact and spongy

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94
Q

endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage model

cartilage calficies and perioste bone collar forms
makes holes in matrix
blood vessels grow osteoblasts that secrete osteoid

forms diaphysis
capillaries and osteoblasts form

epiphyses form
bone replaces cartilage
creates medullary cavity

bone replace cartilage except epiphyseal plate

bone continues to grow until puberty

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95
Q

interstitial growth

A

dependent upon cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate

96
Q

zone of resting cartilahe

A

nearest epiphysis

resemble mature hyaline cartilage

97
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage

A

chondrocytes undergo rapid mitotic divisin

align into columns of lacunae

98
Q

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

chondrocytes stop dividing
begin hupertrophy -enlarge cells
lacuane thin

99
Q

zone of calcifies cartilahe

A

2 to 3 layers of chondrocytes
minerals depsotited
destroys chondrocytes

100
Q

zone of ossificstion

A

walls break between lacunae
space filled with capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells
nee bone matrix

101
Q

bone gorwth length in which zones

A

2 and 3

102
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

thick during childhood
cartilage production slows as age
osteoblast activity increases
plate disappears

103
Q

appostitional growth

A

within periosteum
bone matrix parallel to surface
osteoclats resorb bone matrix along medillary cabity

104
Q

bone remodeling occurs where

A

periosteal and endosteal surfsces of bone

105
Q

hormones

A

initiate cellular cuanges
alter bone cell rates
affect bone compostion and growth patterns

106
Q

growth hormone

A

pituitary gland
stimulates liver
directly stimulate growth of cartilage in epiphyseal plate

107
Q

thyroid hormone

A

thyroid gland

influenced metabolic rate of bone cells

108
Q

sex hormones

A

during puberty
accelerated bone growth
bone formation in epiphyseal plate

109
Q

glucocorticoids

A

steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
regulate blood glicose level
high amounts increase bone loss

110
Q

calcium is required for

A

muscle contraction
exocytosis of cells
stimulation of heart
blood clotting

111
Q

hormones thay regulate blood calcium

A

calcitriol

parathyroid hormone

112
Q

activation of vitamen d to calcitriol

A

uv light converts it to vitamen d3
released into blood
asbord by colon

vitamen d3 circulated body
converted to calcidiol by liver enzymes

calcifiol circulates blood
converted by kidney enzymes
active form of vitamen d3

113
Q

parathyroid hormome

A

secrete in respinde to decreased blood calcium levels

accelerates conversion to calcitriol by kidnesy

bone CT of skeleton

increase release of calcium from bone to blood

increase osteoclast activity

114
Q

calcitonin

A

regulate blood calcium levels
released from thyroid when blood calcium levels are imcreased

in response to exercise

inhibits osteoclast activity

115
Q

ways aging affects bomes

A

decrease strenth of bone

bone loss of calcium and minerals

116
Q

osteopenia

A

osteoblast activity decline

osetoclast activity remains

117
Q

osteroporosis

A

redice bone mass

reduced hormones with age

118
Q

four steps of bone fracture repair

A

fracture hematoma forms clotted blood

fibrocartilaginous callus forms
produce collagen fibers
dense reguslr CT

hard bony callus forms
osteroblast forms trabeculae
grows amd thickens

bone is remodeled
osteoclasts remove extra bony material
compact replaces primary bome

119
Q

joints

A

places of contact between bones, bones and cartilahes, or bones and teeth

120
Q

arthology

A

study of joints

121
Q

fibrous joint

A

bones held together by dense connective tissue

no joint cavity

immobile or slightly mobile

122
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

bones joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage

lack joint cavity

immobile or slightly mobile

123
Q

synovial joint

A

bomes joined by ligaments with fluid filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces

include most joints in body

freely mobile

124
Q

types of fibrous joints

A

gomphoses
sutures
syndesmoses

125
Q

gomphoses

A

peg in a socket

articulatioms of teeth with sockets of mandible amd maxillae

126
Q

sutures

A

seams
major skull bones
interlocking, irregular edges
imcrease strenth and decrese risk of fracture

127
Q

syndesmoses

A

bound by interosseous membrane, broad ligamentous sheet

between radius and ulna
fibula and tibia

allows pivoting

128
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses

symphyses

129
Q

synchondroses

A

bones joined by hyaline cartilage

immobile

130
Q

symphyses

A

pads of fibrocartilage between articculating bones

resist compression and act as shock absorber

slight mobility

131
Q

features of synovial joints

A

articular capsule and joint cavity
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
ligaments, nerves, blood vessels

132
Q

outer layer of synoivial joints

A

fibrous layer
formed dense connective tissue
strengthens joints to prevent being pulled apart

133
Q

inner layer of synovial joints

A

synovial membrane
composed of arrolar connective tissue
covers internal joint surfaces
produce synovial fluid

134
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage on bone surface of joint

lacks perichondrium

avascualar

135
Q

functions of articular cartilage

A

reduces friction
acts as a cushion
prevents damage to ends of bones

136
Q

joint cavity

A

space between articulating bones

lined by synovial membrane

137
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous, oily substance
lubriactes articular cartilage
nourishes and removes waste
acts as a shock absorber

138
Q

ligaments

A

dense regular tissue
connect one bone to another
stablize, strengthen, reinforce synovial joints

139
Q

extrinisic ligaments

A

physcially separate from joint capsule

140
Q

intrinisc ligaments

A

thickening of the articular capsule itself

include ligaments outside and within joint capsule

141
Q

tendons

A

composed of desme regular conmect tissue

not part of synovial joint itself

attach muscle to bone

stablize joints

142
Q

bursae

A

fibrous, saclike structures contsining synovial fluid

form whete bones, ligaments, muscles, skins, or tendons rub together

alleviate friction

143
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursae
wrap around tendons where friction is excessivr

common in wrist and ankle

144
Q

fat pads

A

acts as prtoectiv packing material in joint periphery

can fill spaces when joing shape changes

145
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A 
body movement
maintain posture
protection and support
regulate movement between organs
heat production
146
Q

excitabilityw

A

anility to respond to stimulus
stimulis change RMP
stimulated by neurotransmitter

147
Q

conductivity

A

involved electricsl charge that travels along PM as voltage gaged channels open

148
Q

contractility

A

occurs wjrn contractile proteins slide past one another

enables muscle cells to cause movement

149
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a muscle to return to orginal length

150
Q

extensibility

A

lengthening of muscle cell

151
Q

order of muscles

A

fibers, fascicles, muscles

152
Q

endomysium

A

wraps individual fibers

153
Q

perismysium

A

wraps fascicles

houses blood vessels amd nerves

154
Q

epimysium

A

wraps entire muscle

155
Q

tendon

A

formed by 3 layers as merge together

attach muscle to bone

156
Q

skeletal msucles have extensive

A

blood vessels

157
Q

neruomuscular junction

A

junction between axon and fiber

158
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplams
typical organelles
multiple nuclei

159
Q

sacrolemma

A

plasma membrane

voltage gates Na and K channles to conduct action potentials

160
Q

t-tubulues

A

invaginations of sarcolemma that extend into muscle fiber as a network of narrow tubules to sacroplasmic reticulum

161
Q

myofibrils

A

long cylindricsl structures composed of bundles of comtractile proteins (myofilaments)

162
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

internal membrane complex
contain terminal cisternae

calcium pumps (active) move Ca into SR

calcium channles (diffusion) diffues Ca out of SR into sarcoplasm

163
Q

thick filaments

A

bundles of myosin

164
Q

myosin

A

thick
binding site for actin
site where atp attaches and splits into ADP and P

165
Q

thin filaments

A

two strands of actin in a helix

binds to myosin

166
Q

tropomyosin

A

twist rope like protein covering myosin binding site in relaxed muscle

167
Q

troponin

A

globular protein attached to tropomyosin

contains binding site for Ca

168
Q

sarcomeres

A

myofilaments arranged in repeating units

overlapping thick and thin filaments

169
Q

mitochondria in muscle

A

aerobi atp production

170
Q

glycogen

A

immediate fuel source

171
Q

myoglobin

A

binds oxygen at rest amd releass it for use during contraction

172
Q

creatinine phosphate

A

provides fibers with very rapid means of supplying atp

173
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and all muscle fibers it controls

174
Q

synaptic bulb

A

expanded tip of motor neuron axon
houses synaptic vesicles
has Ca pumps in PM
has voltage gstes Ca channels

175
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

small sacs filled with neurotransmitter ACh

176
Q

motor end plate

A

specialized region of sarcolemma
many ACh receptors
opened by binding lf ACh

177
Q

synaptic cleft

A

narrow fluid filled space
seprated synaptic bulb from motor end plate
AChE resides here

178
Q

RMP of muscle

A

-90 mV

179
Q

depolarization

A

when RMP becomes less negative

180
Q

repolarization

A

return lf RMP to -90mV

181
Q

action potential

A

rapid reversal of RMP to +30 then back to -90

182
Q

threshold

A

critical value that must be reached to generate an action potential

183
Q

refractory period

A

unable to repsond to another stimulus

184
Q

phases of action potential

A

voltage gated Na channels open- Na enters cell and causes max depoloraziation

Na channels close amd voltage gates K channels open amd K diffuses out causing repolarization

185
Q

know steps of muscles

A

notes

186
Q

fast twitch fibers

A

powerful and quick and brief contactions

187
Q

oxidative fibers

A 
fatigue resistant
aerobic cellular respiration
extensive capillaries
many mitochondria
large supply of myoglobin
188
Q

glycolytic fibers

A 
fatigable
anaerobic cellular respiration
fewer capillaries
few mitochondira
small supply of myoglobin
large glucogen reserves
189
Q

slow oxidative fibers

A

contractions are slower and less powerful
high endurance since ATP supplies aerobicslly
red in color

marathon or soccer game

190
Q

fast glycolytic fibers

A

contractions are fast and powerful
brief as ATP supplies anarobic
largest size, white in color

191
Q

muscle tension

A

the force generated when a msucle is stimulated to contract

192
Q

twitch

A

brief contraction to a single stimulis

minimum voltage that triggers a twitch is treshhold stimulis

193
Q

laten period

A

time after stimulus but before contraction begins

no change in tension

194
Q

contraction period

A

time when tension is increases

begins as power strokes pull thin filaments

195
Q

relaxation period

A

time when tension is decreasing to baseline
begins with release of cross bridges
last longer that contraction period

196
Q

muscle tone

A

resting tension in a muscle
genersted by involuntsry nervous stimulation kf muscle
some motor units stimulated randomly

197
Q

length tension relationshio

A

fiber at optimal resting length generates max contractile forcd

198
Q

fatigue

A

reduced abity to produce muscle tension
decrease in glycogen
not enough calcium

199
Q

example of gomphosis joint

A

tooth to jaw

200
Q

examplemof suture

A

lamboid suture

occipital to parietal

201
Q

example of syndesmosis

A

radius and ulna

tibia and fibula

202
Q

example of synchondrosis

A

epiphyseal plates in growing bones

203
Q

example of symphysis

A

pubic symphysis

204
Q

example of plane joint

A

intercarpal joint

205
Q

plane joint

A

flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another

206
Q

hinge joint

A

convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone

207
Q

example of hinge joint

A

elbow

208
Q

pivot joint

A

bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament amd another bone

209
Q

example of a pivot joint

A

atlantosxial joint

210
Q

condylar jojnt

A

oval articula surface on the bone closely interfsces woth depressed ovsl surface on another bone

211
Q

example of condylar joint

A

metacarpophalangeal

212
Q

saddle joint

A

saddle shaped articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a saddle shaped surface om another bone

213
Q

example of saddly joint

A

carpal and first metacarpal

214
Q

ball and socket joint

A

round head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depression of another bone

215
Q

example of ball and sockets joint

A

hip

216
Q

gliding motion

A

two opposing articular sirfaces slide past each other in any direction

217
Q

angular motion

A

thw angle between atriculating bones increases or decreaes

218
Q

example of flexion

A

biceps and triceps

219
Q

example of extension

A

standing up

knees

220
Q

example of hyperextension

A

knee bent backwards

221
Q

example of lateral flexion

A

bending head sideways

222
Q

example of abduction

A

moving hand away from body

223
Q

example of adduction

A

moving hand towards body

224
Q

example of circumduction

A

ball and socket joints

shoulder

225
Q

examplenof pronation

A

weight shifted from heel to forefoot

226
Q

example of supination

A

weight placed om outside of foot

227
Q

example of depression

A

facial muscles

228
Q

examplenof elevation

A

upward movement

shoulder raises

229
Q

example of dorsilflexion

A

toes brought closer to shin

230
Q

example of plantar flexion

A

pointing toes

231
Q

example lf eversion

A

move sole of foot away from median line

232
Q

examplenof inversion

A

move foot towards the median line

233
Q

example of protraction

A

towards the front

234
Q

examplenof retraction

A

towards the back

235
Q

examplenof oppostion

A

tip of thumb with tip of finger

anatomy (7 decks)

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