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anatomy > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

1
Q

waste products

A

produced from all cells
enter blood from tissues
filtered from blood via kidneys
eliminated in urine

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2
Q

kidneys job

A

filter blood

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3
Q

ureters funktion

A

transport urine

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4
Q

bladder funktion

A

stores urine

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5
Q

urethra funktion

A

eliminated urine

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6
Q

other funktions of kidneys

A 
regulate ion levels and acid base balance
regulate blood pressure
eliminate molecules
calcirtriol
produce and release erythropoietin
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7
Q

hilum of kidneys

A

where vessels, nerves, ureters connect to kidney

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8
Q

location of kidneys

A

partially protected by rib cage

posterior to parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

fibrous capsule

A

dense CT to surface of kidney
protects from trauma
prevents pathogen invasion

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10
Q

fat on kidneys

A

adipose CT on fibrous capsule

cushions and supports kidneys

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11
Q

renal fascia

A

dense CT

anchors kidney to surrounding surfaces

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12
Q

renal columns

A

extension of cortect projecting into medulla

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13
Q

renal pyramids

A

portion of medulla divided by renal columns

renal papilla connects them to renal sinus

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14
Q

renal lobe

A

renal cortex external to base

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15
Q

renal sinus

A

medially located urine drainage area

calcyes

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16
Q

minor calyces

A

structure of renal pyramids

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17
Q

renal pelvis

A

formed from merged calyces

arteries, veins, lymoh vessels, erves, fat

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18
Q

nephron

A

funktional filteration unit of kidney

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19
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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20
Q

glomerulus

A

tangled network of capillaries
blood enters via afferent
blood exits via efferent

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21
Q

glomerular capsule

A

internal permeable visceral layer
external impermeable epithelium
recieves filtrate in between

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22
Q

renal tubule

A

last part of nephron

pct, loop, dct

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23
Q

PCT

A

connected to glomerular capsule

microvilli increase surface area and reabsorption capacity

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24
Q

nephron loop

A

descending and ascending loop

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25
Q

DCT

A

extends to collecting tubule

no microvilli

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26
Q

two types of nephrons

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

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27
Q

cortical nephron

A

short nephron loop penetrating medulla

resides in cortex

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28
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

help establish salt concentration gradient

urine concentration

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29
Q

nephron drainage

A

drian into collecting tubules
enters collecting ducts
project toward renal papilla

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30
Q

principal cells

A

responsive to hormones aldosterone and ADH

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31
Q

intercalated cells

A

regulate urine pH and blood pH

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32
Q

juxtamedullary apparatus

A

regulate blood filtrate formation, systemic BP

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33
Q

granular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole

sythensize, store, and release renin

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34
Q

macula densa

A

in walls of DCT

detect changes in NaCl concentration

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35
Q

blood flow through kidney

A

filtrate formed when blood flows through glomeruls
enter capsular space
flows through structures

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36
Q

arteries in kidney

A

blood enters via renal artery

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37
Q

afferent arteriole

A

enters renal corpuscle forming glomerulus

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38
Q

efferent arteriole

A

blood exiting glomerulus

branches into capillaries or vasa recta

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39
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

intertwined PCT and DCT

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40
Q

vasa recta

A

associated with loop of henle
medulla of kidney
allows blood to move from capillary beds

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41
Q

gas exchange in kidney

A

vasa recta

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42
Q

veins in kidneys

A

drain peritubular and vasa recta capillary beds

renal vein

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43
Q

filtrate

A

both water and solutes filtered from blood

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44
Q

tubular fluid

A

name for filtrate in PCT

called urine after entering collecting ducts

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45
Q

urine

A

enter papillary ducts
flows through renal sinus
minor-majory-renal pelvis
renal pelvis to ureter then bladder

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46
Q

glomerular filteration

A

separates water and dissolved solute from blood

due to pressure differences across filteration membrane

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47
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

movement of components within tubular fluid
move via diffusions, osmosis, or active transport
move from lumen of tubules and collecting ducts
return to blood via capillaries
water and vital solutes reabsorbed

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48
Q

tubular secretion

A

move of solutes out of blood
move into tubular fluid
material selevtively itno tubules to be excreted

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49
Q

filteration membrane

A

porous, thin, negatively charged

glomerulus and visceral layer

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50
Q

endothelium of glomerulus

A

close to lumen layer
slits allow plasma to be filtered
restricts passage of large structures

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51
Q

basement membrane of glomerulus

A

porous middle layer

restricts passage of large plasma proteins

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52
Q

visceral layer of glomerular capsuke

A

outermost layer made of podocyes

filteration slits

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53
Q

mesangial cells

A

cells in between glomerular capillary loops

phagocytic and contractile properties

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54
Q

net filteration pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure of blood in glomerulus

opposing: osmotic BP and capsular BP

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55
Q

glomerular hydrostatic (blood) pressure

A 
BP in glomerulus
pushes water and solute out of glomerulus
pushed into capsular space
high than BP of systemic capillaries
smaller diamter of efferent arteriole
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56
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure exerted by dissolved solutes

fluid back into glomerulus

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57
Q

pressure favoring filteration

A

out of blood
glomerular BP
capsular osmotic pressure

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58
Q

pressure opposing filteration

A

into the blood
blood osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure

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59
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure in glomerular capsule due to filtrate

impedes movement of fluid

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60
Q

net filteration pressure

A

pressures promoting filtration are greater than pressures opposing

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61
Q

glomerular filteration rate

A

rate at which volume of filterate is formed
tightly regulated
control urine production
influence changing diameter of afferent artreiole

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62
Q

increase NFP

A

increase GFR
increase solutes and water in fluid
increase substances in urine
decrease filtrate reabsorption

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63
Q

renal autoregulation (intrinsic)

A

maintain constant BP and GFR despite changes in systemic arterial pressure
myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

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64
Q

myogenic response

A

contraction of smooth muscle of afferent arteriole
decrease BP, less stretch
vessels dialte=more blood
GFR remains normal

increase BP, more stretch
vessles contract= less blood
GFR remains normal

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65
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

backup to myogenic response due to incerase BP
glomerular BP increase, NaCl increase
detect via macula densa
vasoconstiction

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66
Q

limitations to maintaining GFR

A

renal autoregulation
decrease BP below 80
increase BP above 180

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67
Q

decrease BP below 80

A

arterioles max dilation
decrease glomerular BP and GFR
cessation of waste elmination in pee

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68
Q

increase BP above 180

A

arterioles max constriction
increase glomerular BP and GFR
increase urine

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69
Q

kidney extrinisic control

A

neural and hormonal
decrease with extensive sympathetic stimulation
increase with ANP stimulation

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70
Q

sympathetic stimulation of kidney

A

decrease GFR through vasoconstriction of afferent
increase output during exercise or emregency
constriction of arterioles
reduces blood flow to glomerulus
release renin
decrease urine

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71
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A 
release from cardiac muscle cells
respond to increase stretch of heart chambers
relaxes afferent arterioles
inhibitd release of reniin
rekax mesangial cells
increase GFR and urine
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72
Q

what is 100% reabsorbed

A

glucose

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73
Q

reabsorption of nutrients

A

normally completely reabsorbed in PCT

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74
Q

reabsorption of proteins

A

most not freely filtered due to size and neg charge

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75
Q

glucosuria

A

excretion of glucose in urine
osmotic diuretic- pulls water into tubulae fluid
loss of fluid in urine

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76
Q

sodium reabsorption

A

almost all reabsorbed from tubular fluid along tubule
requires Na/K pumps
actively pumped out of tubule into ISF
creates concentration gradient

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77
Q

water reabsorption

A

varies along tubule

most in PCT

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78
Q

potassium reabsorption

A

reabsorbed and secreted may be net reabsorption or secretion

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79
Q

bicarbonate and H resorption

A

regulate pH

bicarb freely filered-almost all reabsorbed

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80
Q

descending limb

A

concentrates filtrate
permeable to water
impermeable to salts

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81
Q

ascending limb

A

dilutes filtrate
impermeable to water
Na, K, bicarb reabsorbed

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82
Q

aldosterone

A

increase Na reabsorption-water follows
stimulates increase secretion of K
elevated K= aldosterone release

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83
Q

ANP on reabsorption

A

inhibits reabsorption of Na in PCT

inhibits release of aldosterone

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84
Q

ADH on rebsorption

A

increase aquaporins
water leaves filtrate=enters blood
increase water independent of Na

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85
Q

if blood becomes acidic

A

synthesize bicarb=reasorbed into blood
H excreted within filtrate
increase blood pH and decrease urine pH

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86
Q

if blood becomes alkalotic

A

secrete bicarb and reasorb H
lower blood pH
increase urine pH

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87
Q

urinary system prevents accumulation of

A 
metabolic waste
various hormones and metabolites
foreign substances
some substances filtered at glomerulus
other secreted along tubule
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88
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

metabolic watse containing nitrogen and waste products

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89
Q

urea

A

molecule produced from protein breakdown
establish concentration gradient in ISF
reabsorbed in secreted

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90
Q

uric acid

A

produced from nucleic acid breakdown in liver

reabsorbed and secreted

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91
Q

creatinine

A

produced from creatinin metabolism in muscle

only secreted

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92
Q

elimination of drugs and bioactive substances

A

most secretion in PCT

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93
Q

concentration gradient

A

established by various solutes
increase in concentration from cortex into medula
osmotic pull to move water into ISF

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94
Q

descending loop concentration

A

concentrates filtrate by removing water
water leave cuz higher concentration in ISF
water leaves to enter blood
dilutes blood

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95
Q

ascending loop concentration

A

dilutes filtrate by removing Na
impermeable to water
Na enter blood
concentrates blood

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96
Q

urine

A

product of filtered and processed blood plasma

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97
Q

urine volume

A

varies due to fluid intake, BP, meds

min .5 L to eliminate waste a day

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98
Q

urine pH

A

between 4.5-8

influenced by metabolism, infection

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99
Q

urine color

A

clear to dark yellow

increase volume=lighter color

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100
Q

urine smell

A

urinoid-normal smell

smelly if stagnant

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101
Q

ureters

A

muscular tubes
takes urine from kidneys to bladder
3 tunics
controlled by autonomic

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102
Q

mucosa of ureter

A

transitional ET
distensible and impermeable to urine
folds to fill lumen when empty

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103
Q

muscularies of ureters

A

inner long and outer circular of smooth muscle
contracts
propels urine into bladder

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104
Q

adventitia of ureters

A

external
collagen and elastic fibers
compressed as bladder distends

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105
Q

bladdder

A

muscular container to hold urine

4 tunics

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106
Q

mucose of bladder

A

transitional ET
accommodates change with shape
mucosal folds fro distension

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107
Q

submucosa of bladder

A

outside mucosa

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108
Q

muscularis of bladder

A

3 layers of smooth muscle
detrusor muscle
involuntary internal urethral sphincter

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109
Q

adventitia of bladder

A

outer

forms serosa

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110
Q

urethra

A

takes urine to outside of body

2 spincters

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111
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

involuntary superior sphincter
smooth muscle
neck of bladder
autonomic

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112
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

skeletal muscle

voluntary sphincter controlled by somatic

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113
Q

micturition

A

peeing
2 reflexes
sympathetic (storage) and parasympathetic (pee)

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114
Q

sympathetic stimulation of bladder

A

contraction of internal sphincter

inhibits contraction of detrusor muscle and peeing

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115
Q

parasympathetic stimulation of bladder

A

contraction of detrusor and relaxation of internal sphincter
stimulates peeing
somatic nervous system
prevents urination

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116
Q

storage reflex

A

continous sympathetic stimulation
relax detrusor muscle
contract internal sphincter

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117
Q

micturition reflex

A

bladder distended and baroreceptors activated
detrusor muscle contract
internal sphincter relax

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118
Q

conscious control of urination

A

cerebral cortex via pudendal nerve

voluntary contraction of abdominal muscles

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119
Q

digestive system

A

break down nutruents

ingest, mix, propel food

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120
Q

6 funktions of digestive system

A 
ingestion
motility
secretion
digestion
absorption
elimination
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121
Q

ingestion

A

intro of solid and liquid nutrients in oral cavity

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122
Q

motility

A

voluntary and involuntary muscular contractions

mixng and moving material through tract

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123
Q

secretion

A

process of producing and releasing fluid

enzymes

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124
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of ingested food into small pieces

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125
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical chewing and mixing

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126
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymes to break chemical bonds

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127
Q

absorption

A

transport of digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, water
blood to lymph

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128
Q

elimination

A

expulsion of indigestible components not absorbed

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129
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

glands, liver, pancreas, teeht, tongue, gallbladder

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130
Q

mucosa of GI tract

A

mucous membrane

3 layers

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131
Q

epithelium of mucosa od GI tract

A

lumen

secretion and absorption

132
Q

lamina propria of mucosa of GI tract

A

blood vessel and nerves

absorption

133
Q

muscularis mucosae of mucosa of GI tract

A

smooth muscle

release secretions into lumen

134
Q

submucosa of GI tract

A

connective tissue
blood vessels, lymph, nerves
submucosal plexus

135
Q

peyer patches

A

aggregates of lymphatic nodules in distal small intestine

136
Q

muscularis of GI tract

A 
inner circular layer (constricts)
outer longitudinal (shortens)
137
Q

myentric nerve plexus

A

axons and ganglia between layers control contractions

138
Q

enteric nervous system

A

plexus
detects changes in tract wall and chemical makeup of lumen
sensory and motor neurons
movement of materials

139
Q

peristalsis

A

alternating contraction sequence of inner and outer layers

propels ingested materials through tract

140
Q

mixing in GI

A

backward and forward motion that lacks directional movement

blends

141
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines inside surface of abdominal wall

142
Q

visceral peritoneium

A

serous membrane reflecting over and covering internal organ surface

143
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between layers

serous fluid for lubrication

144
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum
supports, suspends, stablizes GI tract organs
blood and lymph vessels, nerves

145
Q

greater omentum

A

inferiorly from stomach
covers abdominal organs
adipose tissue

146
Q

lesser omentum

A

connects stomach to duodenum

147
Q

falciform ligament

A

fold that attaches liver to internal surface of abdominal wall

148
Q

mesentery proper

A

fan shaped fold of peritoneum

suspends small intestine from posterior abdominal wall

149
Q

mesocolon

A

attaches part of large intestine to posterior abdominak wall

150
Q

cranial nerves for GI tract

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

151
Q

3 hormones in digestion

A

gastrin
secretin
CCK

152
Q

oral cavity and salivary glands

A

mechanical digestion

salivary amylase=digest starch

153
Q

pharynx

A

bolus moved here, swallowing

mucus secreted

154
Q

esophagus

A

bolus transported from pharynx to stomach

lubricates by mucus

155
Q

stomach

A

bolus mixed with gastric juices=chyme

156
Q

uvula

A

closes off posterior entrance into nasopharynx

157
Q

tongue

A

mixes materials by chewing

swallowing and speech

158
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva

159
Q

intrinsic salivary glands

A

lingual lipase enzyme that begins digestion

160
Q

extrinsic salivary glands

A

produce most saliva

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

161
Q

parotid salivary glands

A

largest

162
Q

mucous cells

A

secrete mucin forming mucus

163
Q

serous cells

A

secrete watery fluid with electrolytes and amylase

164
Q

saliva

A

amylase, mucin, lysozome
moistens food into bolus
breakdown of starch
inhibit bacterial growth

165
Q

regulation of salivary secretions

A

salivary nuceli brainstem
parasympathetic stimulation
release from thought of food

166
Q

anatomy of pharynx

A

passageway for air and food

constrictors

167
Q

anatomy of esophagus

A

normally collapsed passagway

168
Q

upper esophagus sphincter

A

circular skeletal muscle
esophagus and pharynx meet
closed during breathing

169
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

smooth muscle

diaphragm prevents backflow

170
Q

muscularis of esophagus

A

skeletal and smooth muscle

171
Q

voluntary phase

A

cerebral cortex
after ingestion
bolus formed

172
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

involuntary reflex
initate swallowing
elevate soft palate and uvula
move epiglottis

173
Q

esophageal phase

A

bolus passes through esophagus
waves of muscular contraction
relax when bolus swallowed

174
Q

stomach funktions

A

digestion of protein and fat
asorption is limited
holding bag

175
Q

four regions of the stomach

A

fundus
body
pylorus

176
Q

gastric folds

A

rugae
found when stomach is empty
allow expansion

177
Q

gastric glands

A

deep into mucosa from each gastric pit

178
Q

muscularis of stomach

A

3 smooth muscle layers

third layers assists churning and blending

179
Q

gastric secretions

A

4 produce gastric juice

1 produce hormone

180
Q

surface mucous cells

A

lines stomach lumen
prevents ulceration of lining
secrete mucin
protects gastric enzymes and high acidity

181
Q

mucous neck cells

A

produce acidic mucin

protects stomach lining from abrasion and injury

182
Q

intrinsic factors

A

required for absorption of vitamen b12

production of normal RBC

183
Q

hyrdrochloric acid

A

responsible for low pH
converts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin
kills most microorganisms
break down plant cell walls

184
Q

chief cells

A

most numerous secretory cells
produce and secrete pepsinogen
pepsinogen activated by HCL
produce gastric lipase

185
Q

g cells

A

secrete gastrin hormone
stimulates secretions and motility
enter bloodstream

186
Q

gastric mixing

A

mechanical digestion

bolus into chyme

187
Q

gastric emptying

A

movement of acidic chyme from stomach into duodenum

spincter opens to allow small amounts of chyme toenter

188
Q

cephalic phase

A

iniated by thought or sensation of food
vagal stimulation
increase motility and secretions
growls

189
Q

gastric phase

A 
bolus reaching stomach
gastric reflex through gastrin hormone
initiated as baroreceptors detech stretch
increase motility and secretory
release of gastrin-HCL release
slow stomach emptying
190
Q

intestinal phase

A

chyme reaching small intestine
opposes cephalic and gastric reflexes
decrease motility and secretory activity
allows emptying of stomach

191
Q

3 parts of small intesting

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

192
Q

duodenum

A

most chemical digestion and absorption happens here

recieves accessory gland secretions

193
Q

accessory organs

A

secrete bile and pancreatic juices

194
Q

gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

195
Q

where is bile produced

A

liver

196
Q

large intestine funktion

A

absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamens

197
Q

small intestine funktion

A

absorbs most nutrients and large water

absorbs vitamens

198
Q

jejunum

A

primary region for chemical digestion and nurtrient absorption

199
Q

ileum

A

last region

terminates at ileoceccal valve

200
Q

circular folds

A

internal folds of mucosal and submucosal tunics of small intestine
increase surface area
speed bumps to slow movement of chyme

201
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of mucosa

increase absorption and secretion

202
Q

lacteal

A

lymphatic capillary in villus

absorb lipids

203
Q

microvilli

A

extension of plasma membrance
incerase surface area
various enzymes embedded
proteins for transport of digestion products

204
Q

intestinal glands

A

secrete intestinal jjuice

205
Q

globlet cells

A

produce mucin

206
Q

enteroendocrine

A

release hormones such as CCK and secretin

207
Q

submucosal gland

A

produce alkaline mucus secretion protecting duodenum from chyme

208
Q

motility of small intestine

A

mixes chyme with gland secretions
gentle sloshing motion
peristalsis moves contents

209
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

move contents from ileum to cecum in response to food in stomach

210
Q

biliary apparatus

A

network of ducts draining left and right loves of liver

bile via common duct

211
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

swelling on duodenal wall

where common bile duct and main pancreatic peirced duodenal wall

212
Q

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

regulates movement of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum

213
Q

liver

A

largest internal organ
produce bile
4 lobes, 2 ligaments

214
Q

porta hepatis

A

where blood, lymph vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter liver

215
Q

hepatic artery

A

carries oxygenated blood to liver

216
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries deoxygenated and nutrient rich blood from capillary beds of GI tract, spleen, pancrease
blood mixes

217
Q

portal triads

A

with hepatic bile duct, branches of hepatic portal vein, and artery

218
Q

central vein

A

center of each liver lobule

drains blood

219
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

thin walled capillaries with large gaps
venous and arterial blood mix
kuppfer cells

220
Q

kuppfer cells

A

fixes phagocytes in liver

221
Q

bile caniculus

A

conducts bile produced by heptatocytes

222
Q

bile

A

contains water, bicarb, bile salts, lipids

223
Q

pancrease

A

produce pancreatic juices
produce and release digestive enzymes
secrete alkaline bicarb

224
Q

pancreatic juice

A 
alkaline fluid
mostly water
pancreatic amylase= starch
panreatic lipase= triglycerides
proteases=proteins
mucleases=nucleic acids
225
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone relased from small intestine in respons eto fatty chyme
stimulate gallbladder to control and release bile
stimulates pancrease to release juices
inhibits stomach motility and release of gastric secretions

226
Q

secretin

A

release from small intestine in repsonse to chyme acidity
from liver and ducts of pancreas
neutralize acidic chyme
inhibits gastric secretions and motility

227
Q

cecum

A

first part of large intestine

228
Q

vermiform appendix

A

hangs off cecum

line by pymphocyte filled lymphatic nodules

229
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

involuntary smooth muscle

230
Q

external anal spincter

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

231
Q

tenaie coli

A

longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle
acts as elastic
bunches up into haustra

232
Q

omental appendices

A

lobules hanging off haustra

233
Q

histology of large intestine

A

globlet cells
lacks villi
secrete mucin
many lymphatic nodules in CT

234
Q

bacterial action in large intestine

A

normal bacterla flora
breakdown of carb, proteins, lipids in chyme
produce co2, H, vitamen B and K
feces

235
Q

haustral churning

A

large intestine
reflexive contractions in muscularis
increase churning and move into distal areas

236
Q

mass movements

A

powerful contractions involve tenaie coli

feces enter rectum

237
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

initiated by stomach distension=mass movement

238
Q

defacation reflex

A

filling of rectum
receptors to spinal cord
increase parasympathetic output to sigmoid colon
decrease output to internal anal spincter

239
Q

male and female reproductive systems

A

produce gametes

produce sex hormones

240
Q

primary female reproductive

A

ovaries

241
Q

primary male reproductive

A

testis

242
Q

puberty

A

during adolescence
external characteristics develop
gametes mature
gonads secrete hormones

243
Q

hormones initiating puberty

A

hypothalamus secrete GnRH

stimulates anterior pituitary FSH and LH

244
Q

gametes

A

female produces and releases single gamete monthly

men produce large numbers of gametes

245
Q

gaetogenesis

A

forming sex cells via meiosis

246
Q

pairs of autosomes

A

22

247
Q

pairs of sex chromosomes

A

1

248
Q

autosomes

A

genes that code for cellular funktions

determine human characteristics

249
Q

sex chromosomes determine

A

gender
females- XX
males XY

250
Q

diploid

A

23 pairs of chromosomes\

all somatic cells

251
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes not pairs

gametes

252
Q

meiosis

A 
diploid parent cells produces haploid daughter cells, gametes
sex cell divicion
4 daughter cells gentically different
haploid daughter cells
crossing over
253
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cell division
2 identical daughter cells
no crossing over
diploid daughter cells

254
Q

site of oocyte production and sex hormone release

A

ovarian follicles

255
Q

suspensory ligament contains

A

blood vessels and nerves

256
Q

ovarian follicle development proces

A

1) primordial follicle: primary oocyte and single layer of follicle cells

2) primary follicle forms from maturing primordial follicle
granulosa cells-secrete estrogen, changes in uterine lining
thecal cells secrete androgens

3)secondary follicle forms from primary follicle
primary oocyte, many layers of granulosa cells, antrum
zona pellucida and corona radiate

4)large mature follicle forms from primary oocyte
contains secondary oocyte\ numerous granulosa cells
fluid filled antrum-complete meiosis 1

5) corpus luteum forms
after mature follicle ruptures and oocyte expelled
secrete progesterone and estrogen
buildup of uternine lining

6) corpus albicans formed regressed corpus luteum
white connective tisssue scar

257
Q

oogenesis

A

maturation of primary to secondary oocyte
before birth: contains oogonia, diploid, divide via mitosis
remain arrested until puberty

childhood: ovaries inactive

puberty to menopause: release GnRH= release FSH and LH
levels follow cyclical pattern (3phases)

258
Q

follicular phase

A 
day 1-13
about 20 primordial follicles stimulate by LH and FSH
release inhibin-inhibits FSH
volume of fluid increases in antrum
one polar body; other recieves cytoplasm
completes meiosis if fertilized
259
Q

ovulation

A

release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
day 14 of 28
one ovary ovulates each month
induce with peak in LH

260
Q

luteal phase

A

remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum
day 15-28
corpus luteum forms then regresses
shedded if fertilization does not occur

261
Q

corpus luteum

A

temporary endocrine gland
secretes progesterone and estrogen
prepares for fertilized oocyte

262
Q

regulation of ovariam cycle process

A

1) hypothalamus secretes GnRH= secrete FSH and LH
2) FSH and LH target ovaries and stimulate follicular development
causes maturation of follicles
3) maturing ovarian follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen
negative feedback
4) estrogen assists development of mature ovarian follicle
5) mature follicle produces larger amounts of estrogen
positive feedback loop
6) feedback loop results in LH surge
without surge= no ovulation
7) corpus luteum forms
8) corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and builds up uterine lining
9) cycle repeats

263
Q

uterine tubes

A

typical location of fertilization

264
Q

mucosa of uterine tubes

A

simple ciliated columnar

265
Q

uterus funktions

A

supports, protects, nourishes embryo

develops into placenta

266
Q

uterus divisions

A

fundus-top
body-thick smooth muscle
cervix-projects into vagina

267
Q

myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

268
Q

endometrium

A

funktional layer at puberty

shed during menstration

269
Q

vagina

A

birth canal

270
Q

uterine cycle

A

changes in endometrial lining
influenced by estrogen and progesterone
3 phases

271
Q

menstrul phase of uterine cycle

A

sloughing off of endometrium

272
Q

proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A

development new endometrium

estrogen secretion

273
Q

secretory phase of uterine cycle

A

increase progesterone from corpus luteum

increased vascularization and gland development

274
Q

scrotum characterisitcs

A

houses testes

cool environment for sperm

275
Q

scrotum wall

A

smooth muslce

dartos muscle

276
Q

spermatic cord

A

blood vessels and nerves supply testis

277
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

pre cools arterial blood prior to reaching testes

278
Q

testes funktions

A

produce sperm adn androgens

279
Q

seminferous tubules

A

twisted and elongated
nourish sperm
release inhibin whem sperm count high

280
Q

interstitial cells

A

produce androgens by LH

testosterone

281
Q

hormonal regulation in testis

A

1) hypothalamus secretes GnRH
secrete FSH and LH

2) FSH and LH stimulate spermatogenesis
LH-interstitial cells secrete testosterone

3) increase testosterone
facilitates spermatogenesis
inhibits GnRH
negative feedback

4) sustentacular cells release inhibin-inhibit FSH
5) testosterone stimulates libido and secondayr sex characteristics

282
Q

feedback in male vs female

A

male only negative

female postive and negative

283
Q

spermatogenesis

A

inside seminferous tubules during puberty

acrosome cap froms over nucleus

284
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid cells

divide via mitosis

285
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

diploid cells undergo meiosis

286
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

haploid cells

23 chromosomes

287
Q

process of sperm

A 
spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
sperm
288
Q

rete testis

A

recieve sperm from seminferous tubules

merge to form efferent ducutles

289
Q

efferent ductules

A

connecte rete testis to epidiymas
propel sperm to epididymas
absorb excess fluid

290
Q

epididymis

A

stores sperm until fully mature

291
Q

ducutus deferens

A

sperm enter after leaving epididymis
unites seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
sperm not motile

292
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

conducts sperm and a component of seminal fluid toward urethra

293
Q

male urethra

A

transports semen from ejaculatory ducts to outside

294
Q

seminal fluid

A

alkaline secretion to neutralize vaginal acidity

give nutrients to sperm

295
Q

seminal vesciles

A

merges with ducuts deferens forms ejaculatroy duct

secretes fructose and prostaglandins

296
Q

prostate gland

A

produce mucin

secretes milky fluid rich in acid and PSA

297
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

produce clear, viscous mucin forms mucus

coats and lubricates urethra during sex

298
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

contains spongy urethra

299
Q

male sexual response

A

excitment: blood fills venous space and compress veins so unable to drain
parasympathetic causes local release of nitirc oxide
sympathetic causes ejaculation

300
Q

parturition

A

process of childbirth

301
Q

pre embryonic period

A

first 2 weeks after fertilization

zygote produced from fertilization

302
Q

embryonic period

A

3rd week to 8th week

now called embryo

303
Q

fetal period

A

remaining 30 weeks

now called fetus

304
Q

fertilization

A

two gametes phase=diploid cell
determine gender
uterine tube

305
Q

fusion of sperm and egg

A

immediately fuse

only sperm nucleus enters oocyte

306
Q

cleavage

A

series of mitotic divisions of zygote

increase cell number but not size

307
Q

blastocyst

A

pre embryo that implants

308
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

produced by blastocyst
maintence of corpus luteum
build uterin lining detected by end of week 2

309
Q

yolk sac

A

important for early blood cella dn blood vessel formation

310
Q

chorion

A

cells blend with endometrium
form placenta
site of nurtient exchange

311
Q

placenta

A

highly vascular structure
site of exchange
transmits maternal antibodies
produces estrogen and progesterone

312
Q

connecting stalk

A

umbilical arteries and veins

313
Q

gastrulation

A

3rd week of development

primary germ layers

314
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system

epidermis

315
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle tissue

316
Q

endoderm

A

linings of tracts

317
Q

gastrin secreted by

A

g cells

318
Q

CCK secreted by

A

enteroendocrine in small intestine

319
Q

secretin secreted by

A

enteroendocrine in small intestine

320
Q

stimuli to release gastrin

A

bolus in the stomach

321
Q

CCK stimuli to release

A

chyme containing amino acids and fatty acids entering small intestine

322
Q

stimuli to release secretin

A

increase acidity of chyme

323
Q

target affects of gastrin

A

parietal cells- secrete HCL
chief cells-secrete pepsinogen
pyloric sphincter-contraction

324
Q

target and affects of CCK

A

stomach-inhibits motility and secretion
gallbladder-release bile
pancreas-release pancreatic juice
hepatopancreatic sphincter-relax

325
Q

target and affects of secretin

A

stomach-inhibits secretion and motility
pancreas-secrete alkaline solution
liver-secrete alkaline secretion

anatomy (7 decks)

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