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exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

communication and control system

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2
Q

3 funktions of nervous system

A

collects info
processes and evaluates info
iniaties response to info

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3
Q

cns parts

A

brain

spinal cord

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4
Q

pns parts

A

nerves and ganglis

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5
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons and associated connective tissue

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6
Q

ganglia

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies

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7
Q

sensory nervous system

A

afferent nervous system

away

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8
Q

funktions of sensory nervous system

A

recieves sensory info from receptors and transmits it to cns

somatic
visceral

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9
Q

somatic sensory system

A

info consciously percieved

skeletal

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10
Q

visceral sensory system

A

info not consciously percieved

organ

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11
Q

moto nervous system

A

efferent nervous system

exiting

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12
Q

funktions of motor nervous system

A

initates output and transmits from cns to effectors

somatic
autonomic

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13
Q

somatic motor system

A

controls skeletal system

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14
Q

autonomic motor system

A

visceral motor

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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15
Q

two divisions of autonomic motor system

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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16
Q

traits of neurons

A 
excitability
conductivity
secretion
extreme longevity
amitotic
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17
Q

excitability

A

responds to a stimulis

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18
Q

conductivity

A

electrical change propagated along pm

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19
Q

secretion

A

release of neurotransmitters in response to conductivr activity

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20
Q

parts of neuron

A

cell body- process
dendrites- recieve
axon- conduct impulse

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21
Q

axon hillock

A

region of the cell body where axon begins

splits into axon collaterals

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22
Q

interneurons

A

association neurons

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23
Q

funktions of interneurons

A

recieve, process, integrate info from orher neurons

communication between sensory and motor neurons
located in cns

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24
Q

nerve

A

bundle of parallel axons in pns

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25
epineurium
encloses entire nerveh
26
perineurium
wraps fassicle
27
endoneurium
wraps individual axon
28
cranial nerves
extend from brain
29
spinal nerve
extend from spinal cord
30
sensory nerves contain sensory neurons sending signals __ cns
to
31
motor neurons contain motor neurons sending signals ___ cns
from
32
synapse
place where a neuron connects to another neuron or an effector
33
electrical synapse
pre and post synaptic neurons bond together by gap junctions no synaptic delay
34
chemical synapse
presynaptic neuron axon terminal produces signal postsynaptic neuron recieves signal
35
synaptic cleft
small fluid filled gap between the two neurons
36
events of synaptic communication
neurotransmitter released from vesicles of synaptic bulb into cleft transmitter diffuses across cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors binding of transmitters to receptor initates postsynaptic potential
37
glial cells
``` non excitable in cns and pns capable of mitosis protect and nourish neurons guide neurons ```
38
astrocytes
star shaped cells help form blood brain barriers regulate chemical environment around neurons occupy space of dead neurons
39
ependymal cells
line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord form choroid plexus helps produce csf
40
microglia
small rare cells wander cns and replicate in infection phagocytic cells of immune sustem that engulf infectious agents remove debris from damages cns tissue
41
oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheath in cns
42
satellite cells
arranged around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion electrically insulate and regulate exchange of nutrients ans wastes
43
schwann cells
produce myelin in pns
44
glial cells in pns
satellite | schwann
45
myelination
process oc wrapping an axon with myelin
46
myelin
several layers of membrane of glial cells glossy and white
47
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
48
axon regeneration
pns axons can regenerate schwanna cells form regneration tube and secrete growth factors neruron cell body must he intact
49
cns axon regeneration
extremely limited | oligodendrocytes secrete growth inhibiting
50
pumps
active transport maintain concetration gradient by moving against gradient cellular energy needed neurons have Na/K pump and Ca pump
51
channels
diffusion proteins in membrane that allow ions to diffuse down gradient when open they allo specific type of ion to diffuse
52
leak channels
always open
53
chemically ligand gated channels
normally closed | open when neurotransimitter binds
54
voltage gated channels
normally closed | open when membrane charge change
55
neuron activity dependent upon
electrical current
56
voltage (potential energy)
amount of differences in elecrtical charge between two places
57
current
movement of charged particles across barrier separating them
58
resistance
oppostion to movement of charged particles
59
ohms law
current = voltage/resistance current increases with larger voltage and smaller resitance
60
ohms law applied to neurons
voltage exisits across membrane due to unequal distribution of ions resistance decreaes when channels open
61
characteristics of resting neurons
ions unevenly distributed the pm due to pumps higher concentration of K in cytosol vs intersitial fluid higher concentrations of Na, Cl, Ca in IF than cytosol gated channels are closed electrical charge difference across membrane
62
resting membrane potential
K diffusion most important factor in setting rmp K diffuses out of cell due to gradient only few Na leak channels Na diffuse in
63
role of Na/K pumps
maintains the concentration gradients for these ions
64
receptive segment
binding of neurotransmitter trigfers postsynaptic potential transmitter binds to ion channels and opens them ions diffuse across membrane changing electrical potential
65
voltage change
graded potential | vary in size
66
local potential
starts at dendrites or cell body does not go for
67
direction of potential depends on
type of ion channel opens
68
if Na chanmels open
Na diffuses into cell charge less negative EPSP
69
if Cl channels open
diffuses into cell charge more negative IPSP
70
if K channels open
K diffuses out of cell charge more negative IPSP
71
when a cell is less negative than rmp
depolarized
72
when cell is more negative that rmp
hyperpolarized
73
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
EPSP depolarization caused by cation entry more likely action potential
74
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
hyperpolarization caused by cation exit or anion entry less likely for action potential
75
summation of epsp and ipsp occurs at
axon hillock
76
all or none law
if threshold is reached an action potential is generated and progated down axon if threshold is not reached no action potential is generated same intensity
77
conductivr segment
axon conducts action potential depolarization when Na enters voltage gated channels repolarization when K exits voltage gates channels
78
refractory period
period of time after start of action potential when its impossible or difficult to fire another action potential
79
absolute refractory period
no stimulus can initiate another action potential Na channels are open then inactivated ensures forward propagation
80
relative refractory period
another action potential is possible (Na channels reset) but minimum stimulus strength is now greater slightly hyperpolarized need stronger stimulus
81
continusous conduction
unmyelimated axons charge opens voltage gated channels
82
saltatory conduction
myelinated axons action potential occurs at nodes of ranvier jumping from node to node faster less atp
83
transmissive segment
activity at synaptic bulb arrival of action potential opens voltage gates Ca channels Ca diffuses into bulb Ca binds to proteins and trigger exocytosis of transmitter
84
graded potential
occurs in neurons receptive region due to ion flow through chemically gated channels postive or negatice changes im charge local and graded
85
action potentials
occurs at neurons conductive region due to ion flow through voltage gated channels depolarization and repolarization all or none propagate down enttire axon to synaptic knob
86
conduction speed depends on
axon thickness and myelination thick is faster thick has less resistance
87
depolarize
``` more negative close to threshold EPSP Na Ca ```
88
repolarization
``` less negative less to threshold IPSP K Cl hyperpolarize ```
89
neurotransmitrers
chemical messengwrs synthesized by nerurons stored im vesicles im synaptic knobs released via exocytosis when action potential triggers calcium entry into knob
90
excitatory transmitters cause
EPSP
91
inhibitatory transmitters cause
IPSP
92
removal of neurotransmitrers from synaptic cleft
enzymes might defrade transmitrer reuptake- repackage into vesicle some transmitrer diffuses away from synapse
93
four major regions of brain
cerebrum dicencephalon brainstem cerebellum
94
gyri
ridges
95
sulci
groover between ridges
96
fissure
deeper groover netween ridges
97
gray matrer
made of neuron cell body dendrited unmyelimated
98
cerebral cortex
gray matter surface of cerebrum
99
cerebral nuceli
clusters of cell bodies found deep in cerebrum
100
white matter
myelinated axons
101
cranial meninges
three connective tissue layers separate and support soft tissue brain enclose and protect blood vessel help contsin and circulate csf
102
superficial to deep meninges
dura mater arachnoic mater pia mater
103
dura mater
tough outer membrane of dense irregualr ct 2 layers usually fused layers but separate to form sinuses
104
periosteal layer
attached to intern surface of cranial bones
105
meningeal layer
continuous with spinal dura
106
epidural space
potential space between dura and skull contains arteries and veins
107
subdural space
potential space between dura and arachnoid can fill with blood
108
arachnoid mater
deep to dura web of collafen and elastic fibers
109
arachnoid trabeculae
extend to pia mater through subarachnoid space with csf
110
pia mater
innermost meninges adheres to brain surface thin layer of areolar ct
111
cranial dural septa
sheets of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity form partitions between brain areas provide support
112
falx cerebri
largest of dural septa located on the midline projects into longutudal fissure contains superior sagittal sinus
113
tentorium cerebelli
separates occiptal and temporal lobes from cerebellum contains transverse and straight sinuses
114
falx cerebelli
runs vertically in midsagittal plane separates left and right cerebellad hemispheres contains occiptal sinus
115
ventricles
cavities in brain lined with ependymal cells contains csf connect with each other and spinal cords centeal cord
116
two lateral ventricles
large cavities in cerebrum | separated by septum pellucium
117
third ventricle
narrow space in middle of diencephalon
118
fourth ventricle
sickle shaped space between pons and cerebellum | opens to subarachnoid space
119
cerebrospinal fluid
clear colorless liquid surrounding cns circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space provides buoyancy reduce brain weight protects cns by liquid cushion keeps cns stable
120
csf formation
formed by choroid plexus no proteins
121
choroid plexus
specialized tissue in each ventricle layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries
122
csf circulation
continuous and reabsorbed
123
blood brain barrier
regualtes which substances enter brains interstitial fluid helps prevent exposure to harmful substances specialized capillaries reduced in choroid plexus amd hypothalamus
124
cerebrum
``` complex intellectual funktions 2 hemispheres reasoning thought memory judgment voluntary motor, visual, auditoru activities ```
125
cerebral hemispheres
left and right longitudal fissure separates connections with body are crosses speech in left
126
corpus callosum
large bundle of myelinated axons connecting hemispheres
127
frontal lobe
personality motor control decision making planning
128
parietal lobe
general sensory funktions | evaluting shape amd texture
129
temporal lobe
hearing | smell
130
occiptal lobe
vision | visual memories
131
insula
small lobe beneath temporal memory taste
132
primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus somatic motor area controls skeletal muscle
133
brocas area
motor speech area left frontal lobe movements for vocalizatio
134
premotor cortex
somatic motor association area | coordinated learned skilled activites
135
primary somatosensory cortex
postcentral gyrus recieves somatic sensory info from pressure, touch, pain
136
somatosensory association area
integrates toucb info allowing to identigy objects by feel
137
primary visual cortex
in occipital lobe
138
visual association area
surround primary vidual cortex | integrates color, form, memory to allow us to identify things
139
primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
140
auditoru association area
temporal lobe interprets sounds stored and retrives memories of sounds
141
primary olfactory cortex
temporal lobe | provides conscious awareness of smells
142
primary gustatory cortex
insula | process taste info
143
prefrontal cortex
``` complex thought judgment personality planning deciding ```
144
wernicke area
left hemisphere | language comprehension
145
cerebral basal nuclei
gray matter deep in cerebrum reguslte motor output ``` produce patrer and rhythm of walking movement of subconscious influence thalamus to adjust muscle tone mood emotions visual info on subconscious level ```
146
diencephalon
epithalamis thalamus hypothalamus provide relays
147
epithalamis
pineal gland | habenula
148
pineal gland
secrete melatonin | regualted day-night cycle
149
habenula
help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain involved in visceral and emotional response to ordors
150
thalamus
sensory relay station | recieves signals from all conscious senses except olfaction
151
hypothalamus
``` control autonomic nervous system control endocrine system-secretion regulate body temp emotional behavior food intake water intake sleep-wake rhythm ```
152
brainstem
connects cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum to spinal cord midbrain pond medulla
153
cerebral peduncles
motor tracts on anterior surface of midbrain | carry voluntary motor commands from primary motor cortex
154
substantia nigra
cluster of cells with black appearance due to melanin produce dopamine parkinsons disease
155
copra quadrigemima
superior colliculi control visual reflexes amd tracking inferior colliculi control auditory reflexes
156
pons
sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord
157
pontine respiratory center
regualte skeletal muscles of breathing
158
cranial nerve nuclei
control chewing amd salvation
159
medulla
sensory and motor tactd crossing of motor tracts ``` regulate heart rate blood vessel diameter breathing rate coughing sneezing vomit ```
160
cerebellum
``` muscle activity stored memories of learned movements smoothness equlibrium posture ```
161
vermis
recieves sensory signals regarding torso and balance
162
cerear cortex
outer gray matter
163
arbor vitae
internal region lf white matter | tree like
164
deep cerebellar nuclei
gray matter
165
limbic system
emotional brian | process amd experiance emotions
166
amygdalaoid body
fear
167
reticular formation
loosely organized gray matter of brainstem | regualte muscle tone
168
reticualr activating system
process sensory info alertness consciousness
169
CN 1
olfactory sensory olfaction
170
CN 2
optic sensory vision
171
CN 3
oculomotor motor movrs eyeball, eyelid, constricts pupil
172
CN 4
trochlear motor moves eyeball
173
CN 5
``` trigrminal sensory and motor sensation from face, teeth, tomgue controls chewing largest ```
174
CN 6
abducens motor moves eyeball
175
CN 7
``` facial sensory and motor taste facial expression tears ```
176
CN 8
vestibulococjlear sensory hearing equilibrium
177
CN 9
``` glossopharyngeal sensory and motor sensation from tongue and pharynx tast swallowing salivation ```
178
CN 10
vagus sensory and motor sensoru info from heart, lungs, abdominal, pharynx, larynx, swallowing, speech, parasympathetic to heart, lungs, abdominal
179
CN 11
accessory motor turns head flexes neck
180
CN 12
hypogloss motor moves tongue
181
cervical enlargement
upper extremities nerves
182
lumbar enlargement
lower extremity nerves
183
cauda equina
rootlets from L2 amd below
184
filum terminale
extension of pia mater in cauda equina | prevents superior movement of cord
185
of cervical
7
186
of thoracic
12
187
of lumbar
5
188
of sacrum
5 fused
189
of coccyx
3 or 4 fused
190
pia mater in spine
adhere to spinal cord
191
denticulate ligamentd
later extension of pia that attach to dura | anchor cord laterlaly
192
arachnoid mater in spine
web like | external to pia
193
dura mater of spine
``` tough outermost layer dense irregular ct adipose areolar blood vessels ```
194
gray matter in spine
horns and commissure
195
anterior horns
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
196
lateral horns
cell bodies of automatic motor neurons
197
posterior horns
sensory neurons cell bodies of interneurons
198
gray commissure
surround central canal | connect left and right
199
posterior funiculis
ascending sensory tracts
200
lateral funiculus
ascending sensory and descending motor
201
anterior funiculus
asecending sensory | descending motor
202
sensory pathways
``` ascend towards brain touch temp pressure pain from skin, msucles, joints ```
203
motor pathways
descent from brain | controls effectors skeletal muscles
204
pairs of spinal nervesw
31
205
each root has
motor axons from rootlets | form horns
206
of vertebrae = # of
nerves except cervical has 8
207
posterior ramus
innervates muscles amd skin of back
208
anterior ramus
all extremities | form nerves plexuses
209
dermatomes
segement of skin supplied by single spinal nerve localize damage involved in referred visceral pain
210
nerve plexus
network of interweavinf anterior rami of spinal nerves cervixal brachial lumbar sacral
211
cervical plexuses
skin and muscles of neck | phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm
212
brachial plexus
from neck to axilla | upper limbs
213
lumbar plexus
thigh muscles parts of leg sensory
214
sacral plexus
sciatic nerve- largest | lower limbs
215
reflexes
``` involuntary responses a stimulus is required to initate reflex rapid response amd always same involuntary response survival mechanism ```
216
reflex arc
neural pathway for generating the respomse
217
stretch reflex
reflexive contraction of muscle after its stretched tendon tap integration in spinal cord
218
golgi tendon reflex
prevents muscles from contracting excessivlet
219
withdrawal reflex
pulls body part away from painful stimulus
220
crossed extensor reflex
allow the opposite side limb to support body weight while the hurt limb withdraws

anatomy (7 decks)

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