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anatomy > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

communication and control system

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2
Q

3 funktions of nervous system

A

collects info
processes and evaluates info
iniaties response to info

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3
Q

cns parts

A

brain

spinal cord

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4
Q

pns parts

A

nerves and ganglis

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5
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons and associated connective tissue

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6
Q

ganglia

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies

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7
Q

sensory nervous system

A

afferent nervous system

away

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8
Q

funktions of sensory nervous system

A

recieves sensory info from receptors and transmits it to cns

somatic
visceral

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9
Q

somatic sensory system

A

info consciously percieved

skeletal

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10
Q

visceral sensory system

A

info not consciously percieved

organ

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11
Q

moto nervous system

A

efferent nervous system

exiting

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12
Q

funktions of motor nervous system

A

initates output and transmits from cns to effectors

somatic
autonomic

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13
Q

somatic motor system

A

controls skeletal system

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14
Q

autonomic motor system

A

visceral motor

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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15
Q

two divisions of autonomic motor system

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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16
Q

traits of neurons

A 
excitability
conductivity
secretion
extreme longevity
amitotic
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17
Q

excitability

A

responds to a stimulis

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18
Q

conductivity

A

electrical change propagated along pm

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19
Q

secretion

A

release of neurotransmitters in response to conductivr activity

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20
Q

parts of neuron

A

cell body- process
dendrites- recieve
axon- conduct impulse

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21
Q

axon hillock

A

region of the cell body where axon begins

splits into axon collaterals

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22
Q

interneurons

A

association neurons

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23
Q

funktions of interneurons

A

recieve, process, integrate info from orher neurons

communication between sensory and motor neurons
located in cns

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24
Q

nerve

A

bundle of parallel axons in pns

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25
Q

epineurium

A

encloses entire nerveh

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26
Q

perineurium

A

wraps fassicle

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27
Q

endoneurium

A

wraps individual axon

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28
Q

cranial nerves

A

extend from brain

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29
Q

spinal nerve

A

extend from spinal cord

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30
Q

sensory nerves contain sensory neurons sending signals __ cns

A

to

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31
Q

motor neurons contain motor neurons sending signals ___ cns

A

from

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32
Q

synapse

A

place where a neuron connects to another neuron or an effector

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33
Q

electrical synapse

A

pre and post synaptic neurons bond together by gap junctions

no synaptic delay

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34
Q

chemical synapse

A

presynaptic neuron axon terminal produces signal

postsynaptic neuron recieves signal

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35
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small fluid filled gap between the two neurons

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36
Q

events of synaptic communication

A

neurotransmitter released from vesicles of synaptic bulb into cleft

transmitter diffuses across cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors

binding of transmitters to receptor initates postsynaptic potential

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37
Q

glial cells

A 
non excitable
in cns and pns
capable of mitosis
protect and nourish neurons
guide neurons
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38
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped cells

help form blood brain barriers

regulate chemical environment around neurons

occupy space of dead neurons

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39
Q

ependymal cells

A

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord

form choroid plexus

helps produce csf

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40
Q

microglia

A

small rare cells wander cns and replicate in infection

phagocytic cells of immune sustem that engulf infectious agents

remove debris from damages cns tissue

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41
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath in cns

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42
Q

satellite cells

A

arranged around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion

electrically insulate and regulate exchange of nutrients ans wastes

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43
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin in pns

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44
Q

glial cells in pns

A

satellite

schwann

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45
Q

myelination

A

process oc wrapping an axon with myelin

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46
Q

myelin

A

several layers of membrane of glial cells

glossy and white

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47
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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48
Q

axon regeneration

A

pns axons can regenerate

schwanna cells form regneration tube and secrete growth factors

neruron cell body must he intact

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49
Q

cns axon regeneration

A

extremely limited

oligodendrocytes secrete growth inhibiting

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50
Q

pumps

A

active transport
maintain concetration gradient by moving against gradient

cellular energy needed

neurons have Na/K pump and Ca pump

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51
Q

channels

A

diffusion
proteins in membrane that allow ions to diffuse down gradient

when open they allo specific type of ion to diffuse

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52
Q

leak channels

A

always open

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53
Q

chemically ligand gated channels

A

normally closed

open when neurotransimitter binds

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54
Q

voltage gated channels

A

normally closed

open when membrane charge change

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55
Q

neuron activity dependent upon

A

electrical current

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56
Q

voltage (potential energy)

A

amount of differences in elecrtical charge between two places

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57
Q

current

A

movement of charged particles across barrier separating them

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58
Q

resistance

A

oppostion to movement of charged particles

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59
Q

ohms law

A

current = voltage/resistance

current increases with larger voltage and smaller resitance

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60
Q

ohms law applied to neurons

A

voltage exisits across membrane due to unequal distribution of ions

resistance decreaes when channels open

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61
Q

characteristics of resting neurons

A

ions unevenly distributed the pm due to pumps

higher concentration of K in cytosol vs intersitial fluid

higher concentrations of Na, Cl, Ca in IF than cytosol

gated channels are closed

electrical charge difference across membrane

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62
Q

resting membrane potential

A

K diffusion most important factor in setting rmp

K diffuses out of cell due to gradient

only few Na leak channels

Na diffuse in

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63
Q

role of Na/K pumps

A

maintains the concentration gradients for these ions

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64
Q

receptive segment

A

binding of neurotransmitter trigfers postsynaptic potential

transmitter binds to ion channels and opens them

ions diffuse across membrane changing electrical potential

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65
Q

voltage change

A

graded potential

vary in size

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66
Q

local potential

A

starts at dendrites or cell body

does not go for

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67
Q

direction of potential depends on

A

type of ion channel opens

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68
Q

if Na chanmels open

A

Na diffuses into cell

charge less negative

EPSP

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69
Q

if Cl channels open

A

diffuses into cell

charge more negative

IPSP

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70
Q

if K channels open

A

K diffuses out of cell

charge more negative

IPSP

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71
Q

when a cell is less negative than rmp

A

depolarized

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72
Q

when cell is more negative that rmp

A

hyperpolarized

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73
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

EPSP

depolarization caused by cation entry

more likely action potential

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74
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

hyperpolarization caused by cation exit or anion entry

less likely for action potential

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75
Q

summation of epsp and ipsp occurs at

A

axon hillock

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76
Q

all or none law

A

if threshold is reached an action potential is generated and progated down axon

if threshold is not reached no action potential is generated

same intensity

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77
Q

conductivr segment

A

axon conducts action potential

depolarization when Na enters voltage gated channels

repolarization when K exits voltage gates channels

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78
Q

refractory period

A

period of time after start of action potential when its impossible or difficult to fire another action potential

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79
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no stimulus can initiate another action potential

Na channels are open then inactivated

ensures forward propagation

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80
Q

relative refractory period

A

another action potential is possible (Na channels reset) but minimum stimulus strength is now greater

slightly hyperpolarized

need stronger stimulus

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81
Q

continusous conduction

A

unmyelimated axons

charge opens voltage gated channels

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82
Q

saltatory conduction

A

myelinated axons

action potential occurs at nodes of ranvier

jumping from node to node

faster
less atp

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83
Q

transmissive segment

A

activity at synaptic bulb

arrival of action potential opens voltage gates Ca channels

Ca diffuses into bulb

Ca binds to proteins and trigger exocytosis of transmitter

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84
Q

graded potential

A

occurs in neurons receptive region due to ion flow through chemically gated channels

postive or negatice changes im charge

local and graded

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85
Q

action potentials

A

occurs at neurons conductive region due to ion flow through voltage gated channels

depolarization and repolarization

all or none

propagate down enttire axon to synaptic knob

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86
Q

conduction speed depends on

A

axon thickness and myelination
thick is faster
thick has less resistance

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87
Q

depolarize

A 
more negative
close to threshold
EPSP
Na 
Ca
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88
Q

repolarization

A 
less negative
less to threshold
IPSP
K
Cl
hyperpolarize
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89
Q

neurotransmitrers

A

chemical messengwrs synthesized by nerurons

stored im vesicles im synaptic knobs

released via exocytosis when action potential triggers calcium entry into knob

90
Q

excitatory transmitters cause

A

EPSP

91
Q

inhibitatory transmitters cause

A

IPSP

92
Q

removal of neurotransmitrers from synaptic cleft

A

enzymes might defrade transmitrer

reuptake- repackage into vesicle

some transmitrer diffuses away from synapse

93
Q

four major regions of brain

A

cerebrum
dicencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum

94
Q

gyri

A

ridges

95
Q

sulci

A

groover between ridges

96
Q

fissure

A

deeper groover netween ridges

97
Q

gray matrer

A

made of neuron cell body
dendrited
unmyelimated

98
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter surface of cerebrum

99
Q

cerebral nuceli

A

clusters of cell bodies found deep in cerebrum

100
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

101
Q

cranial meninges

A

three connective tissue layers
separate and support soft tissue brain
enclose and protect blood vessel
help contsin and circulate csf

102
Q

superficial to deep meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoic mater
pia mater

103
Q

dura mater

A

tough
outer membrane of dense irregualr ct
2 layers
usually fused layers but separate to form sinuses

104
Q

periosteal layer

A

attached to intern surface of cranial bones

105
Q

meningeal layer

A

continuous with spinal dura

106
Q

epidural space

A

potential space between dura and skull

contains arteries and veins

107
Q

subdural space

A

potential space between dura and arachnoid

can fill with blood

108
Q

arachnoid mater

A

deep to dura

web of collafen and elastic fibers

109
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

extend to pia mater through subarachnoid space with csf

110
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninges
adheres to brain surface
thin layer of areolar ct

111
Q

cranial dural septa

A

sheets of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity

form partitions between brain areas

provide support

112
Q

falx cerebri

A

largest of dural septa
located on the midline
projects into longutudal fissure
contains superior sagittal sinus

113
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates occiptal and temporal lobes from cerebellum

contains transverse and straight sinuses

114
Q

falx cerebelli

A

runs vertically in midsagittal plane

separates left and right cerebellad hemispheres

contains occiptal sinus

115
Q

ventricles

A

cavities in brain
lined with ependymal cells
contains csf
connect with each other and spinal cords centeal cord

116
Q

two lateral ventricles

A

large cavities in cerebrum

separated by septum pellucium

117
Q

third ventricle

A

narrow space in middle of diencephalon

118
Q

fourth ventricle

A

sickle shaped space between pons and cerebellum

opens to subarachnoid space

119
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear colorless liquid surrounding cns

circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space

provides buoyancy
reduce brain weight

protects cns by liquid cushion
keeps cns stable

120
Q

csf formation

A

formed by choroid plexus

no proteins

121
Q

choroid plexus

A

specialized tissue in each ventricle

layer of ependymal cells and blood capillaries

122
Q

csf circulation

A

continuous and reabsorbed

123
Q

blood brain barrier

A

regualtes which substances enter brains interstitial fluid

helps prevent exposure to harmful substances

specialized capillaries

reduced in choroid plexus amd hypothalamus

124
Q

cerebrum

A 
complex intellectual funktions
2 hemispheres
reasoning
thought
memory
judgment
voluntary motor, visual, auditoru activities
125
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

left and right
longitudal fissure separates
connections with body are crosses
speech in left

126
Q

corpus callosum

A

large bundle of myelinated axons connecting hemispheres

127
Q

frontal lobe

A

personality
motor control
decision making
planning

128
Q

parietal lobe

A

general sensory funktions

evaluting shape amd texture

129
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

smell

130
Q

occiptal lobe

A

vision

visual memories

131
Q

insula

A

small lobe beneath temporal
memory
taste

132
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus
somatic motor area
controls skeletal muscle

133
Q

brocas area

A

motor speech area
left frontal lobe
movements for vocalizatio

134
Q

premotor cortex

A

somatic motor association area

coordinated learned skilled activites

135
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus
recieves somatic sensory info
from pressure, touch, pain

136
Q

somatosensory association area

A

integrates toucb info allowing to identigy objects by feel

137
Q

primary visual cortex

A

in occipital lobe

138
Q

visual association area

A

surround primary vidual cortex

integrates color, form, memory to allow us to identify things

139
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

140
Q

auditoru association area

A

temporal lobe
interprets sounds
stored and retrives memories of sounds

141
Q

primary olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

provides conscious awareness of smells

142
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

insula

process taste info

143
Q

prefrontal cortex

A 
complex thought
judgment
personality
planning
deciding
144
Q

wernicke area

A

left hemisphere

language comprehension

145
Q

cerebral basal nuclei

A

gray matter deep in cerebrum
reguslte motor output

produce patrer and rhythm of walking
movement of subconscious
influence thalamus to adjust muscle tone
mood
emotions
visual info on subconscious level
146
Q

diencephalon

A

epithalamis
thalamus
hypothalamus
provide relays

147
Q

epithalamis

A

pineal gland

habenula

148
Q

pineal gland

A

secrete melatonin

regualted day-night cycle

149
Q

habenula

A

help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain

involved in visceral and emotional response to ordors

150
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station

recieves signals from all conscious senses except olfaction

151
Q

hypothalamus

A 
control autonomic nervous system
control endocrine system-secretion
regulate body temp
emotional behavior
food intake
water intake
sleep-wake rhythm
152
Q

brainstem

A

connects cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum to spinal cord

midbrain
pond
medulla

153
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

motor tracts on anterior surface of midbrain

carry voluntary motor commands from primary motor cortex

154
Q

substantia nigra

A

cluster of cells with black appearance due to melanin

produce dopamine

parkinsons disease

155
Q

copra quadrigemima

A

superior colliculi control visual reflexes amd tracking

inferior colliculi control auditory reflexes

156
Q

pons

A

sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord

157
Q

pontine respiratory center

A

regualte skeletal muscles of breathing

158
Q

cranial nerve nuclei

A

control chewing amd salvation

159
Q

medulla

A

sensory and motor tactd
crossing of motor tracts

regulate heart rate
blood vessel diameter
breathing rate
coughing
sneezing
vomit
160
Q

cerebellum

A 
muscle activity
stored memories of learned movements
smoothness
equlibrium
posture
161
Q

vermis

A

recieves sensory signals regarding torso and balance

162
Q

cerear cortex

A

outer gray matter

163
Q

arbor vitae

A

internal region lf white matter

tree like

164
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

gray matter

165
Q

limbic system

A

emotional brian

process amd experiance emotions

166
Q

amygdalaoid body

A

fear

167
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized gray matter of brainstem

regualte muscle tone

168
Q

reticualr activating system

A

process sensory info
alertness
consciousness

169
Q

CN 1

A

olfactory
sensory
olfaction

170
Q

CN 2

A

optic
sensory
vision

171
Q

CN 3

A

oculomotor
motor
movrs eyeball, eyelid, constricts pupil

172
Q

CN 4

A

trochlear
motor
moves eyeball

173
Q

CN 5

A 
trigrminal
sensory and motor
sensation from face, teeth, tomgue
controls chewing
largest
174
Q

CN 6

A

abducens
motor
moves eyeball

175
Q

CN 7

A 
facial
sensory and motor
taste
facial expression
tears
176
Q

CN 8

A

vestibulococjlear
sensory
hearing
equilibrium

177
Q

CN 9

A 
glossopharyngeal
sensory and motor
sensation from tongue and pharynx
tast
swallowing
salivation
178
Q

CN 10

A

vagus
sensory and motor
sensoru info from heart, lungs, abdominal, pharynx, larynx, swallowing, speech, parasympathetic to heart, lungs, abdominal

179
Q

CN 11

A

accessory
motor
turns head
flexes neck

180
Q

CN 12

A

hypogloss
motor
moves tongue

181
Q

cervical enlargement

A

upper extremities nerves

182
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

lower extremity nerves

183
Q

cauda equina

A

rootlets from L2 amd below

184
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of pia mater in cauda equina

prevents superior movement of cord

185
Q

of cervical

A

7

186
Q

of thoracic

A

12

187
Q

of lumbar

A

5

188
Q

of sacrum

A

5 fused

189
Q

of coccyx

A

3 or 4 fused

190
Q

pia mater in spine

A

adhere to spinal cord

191
Q

denticulate ligamentd

A

later extension of pia that attach to dura

anchor cord laterlaly

192
Q

arachnoid mater in spine

A

web like

external to pia

193
Q

dura mater of spine

A 
tough
outermost layer
dense irregular ct
adipose
areolar
blood vessels
194
Q

gray matter in spine

A

horns and commissure

195
Q

anterior horns

A

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

196
Q

lateral horns

A

cell bodies of automatic motor neurons

197
Q

posterior horns

A

sensory neurons cell bodies of interneurons

198
Q

gray commissure

A

surround central canal

connect left and right

199
Q

posterior funiculis

A

ascending sensory tracts

200
Q

lateral funiculus

A

ascending sensory and descending motor

201
Q

anterior funiculus

A

asecending sensory

descending motor

202
Q

sensory pathways

A 
ascend towards brain
touch
temp
pressure
pain
from skin, msucles, joints
203
Q

motor pathways

A

descent from brain

controls effectors skeletal muscles

204
Q

pairs of spinal nervesw

A

31

205
Q

each root has

A

motor axons from rootlets

form horns

206
Q

of vertebrae = # of

A

nerves except cervical has 8

207
Q

posterior ramus

A

innervates muscles amd skin of back

208
Q

anterior ramus

A

all extremities

form nerves plexuses

209
Q

dermatomes

A

segement of skin supplied by single spinal nerve
localize damage
involved in referred visceral pain

210
Q

nerve plexus

A

network of interweavinf anterior rami of spinal nerves

cervixal
brachial
lumbar
sacral

211
Q

cervical plexuses

A

skin and muscles of neck

phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm

212
Q

brachial plexus

A

from neck to axilla

upper limbs

213
Q

lumbar plexus

A

thigh muscles
parts of leg
sensory

214
Q

sacral plexus

A

sciatic nerve- largest

lower limbs

215
Q

reflexes

A 
involuntary responses
a stimulus is required to initate reflex
rapid response amd always same
involuntary response
survival mechanism
216
Q

reflex arc

A

neural pathway for generating the respomse

217
Q

stretch reflex

A

reflexive contraction of muscle after its stretched
tendon tap
integration in spinal cord

218
Q

golgi tendon reflex

A

prevents muscles from contracting excessivlet

219
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

pulls body part away from painful stimulus

220
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

allow the opposite side limb to support body weight while the hurt limb withdraws

anatomy (7 decks)

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