exam 4 Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
effectors of somatic ns
A
skeletal muscle
2
Q
effectors of autonomic ns
A
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
3
Q
number of neurons between cns and effector of somatic ns
A
1
4
Q
number of neurons between cns and effecotr of autonomic ns
A
2
5
Q
neurotransmitter used in somatic ns
A
AcH
6
Q
neurotransmitter used in autonomic ns
A
AcH or norepinephrine
7
Q
effect of neurotransmitter binding its receptor in somatic ns
A
excitatory
8
Q
effect of neurotranmitter binding its receptor in autonomic ns
A
excitatory or inhibitatory
9
Q
two neuron pathway of ans
A
pre and post ganglionic neuron
10
Q
preganglionic neuron
A
cell body in brain or spinal cord
axon extends to autonomic ganglion in pns
releases AcH to excite neuron
11
Q
postganglionic neuron
A
cell body is in ganglion
axon extends to smooth musclr, cardiac muscle or gland
releases AcH or NE to excite or inhibit
12
Q
hypothalamus controls
A
both divisions of ans
13
Q
brainstem regulates
A
visceral recflexes
14
Q
spinal cord regulates
A
ans reflexes
15
Q
parasympathetic
A
rest and digest
16
Q
sympathetic
A
fight or flight
17
Q
parasympathetic maintains
A
homeostasis at rest
18
Q
craniosacral division
A
preganglionic cel bodies in brainstem and S2 - S4
19
Q
size of axons in parasympathetic
A
preganglionic are long
postganglionic are short
20
Q
location of ganglia in parasympathetic
A
terminal
close or inside wall of effector organs
21
Q
cranial nerves in parasympathetic
A
3
7
9
10 (vagus- most impulses)
22
Q
sympathetic prepares for
A
exercise and emergency
23
Q
thoracolumbar division
A
sympathetic
preganglionic cell bodies in lateral gray horns T1 - L2
24
Q
size of axons in sympathetic
A
preganglionic axons are short
postganglionic axons are long
25
ganglia location in sympathetic
lateral to spinal cord
26
preganglionic neurons in sympathetic trunk
synapse with ganglia in immediate area
ascend or descen to synapse
27
systemic effects of sympathetic
many branches simultaneously synapse with multiple
28
adrenal medulla pathway
preganglionic sympathetic axons extend through sympathetic trunk without synapsing
preganglionic cells stimulate adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and NE into blood
prolong fight or flight
29
cells that release AcH are
chokinergic neurond
30
cholinergic neurons
all ans preganglionic neurons
all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscle
have cholinergic receptors
31
cells that release norepinephrine are
adrenergic neurons
32
adrenergic neurons
most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic
target cells have adrenergic neurons
33
types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic
muscarinic
34
nicotinic receptors
sensitice to nicotine
found on all postganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla cells
when AcH binds it opens Na channels
cell depolarizes
EPSP
35
muscarinic receptors
senstive to muscarine
found in all target organs of parasympathetic division and few sympathetic
sweat glands
blood vessels in skeletal muscle
excite or inhibit
36
where does epinephrine and NE bind to
adrenergic receptors
37
adrenergic receptor types
alpha
beta
excite and inhibit
38
autonomic tone
innervated by both divisions of ans
continously release neurotransmitter
39
dual innervation
organ recieves input from both parasympathetic and sympathetic
40
antagonistic effects
two divisions oppose each other
41
heart rate in ans
ps: slows
symp: increases
42
gi tract in ans
ps: increases motility
symp: decreases motility
43
pupil in ans
ps: constricts
symp: dilates
44
urine formation in ans
ps: increases urine formation
sympa: decreases urin formation
45
bronchials in ans
ps: contriction
sympa: dilation
46
cooperative effects
parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation have different effectd that are apart of overall response
ps: male erection
symp: ejaculation
47
structures without dual innervation (sympathetic only)
smooth muslce in walls of blood vessels
sweat glands in trunk
arrector pili msucles in skin
adrenal medulla neurosecretoru cells
48
sensory receptors
respond to stimuli
action potential
49
transducers
convert stimulus energy into electrical energy
50
sensation
stimulus we are consciously aware of
51
modality
type of stimulus based on labeled
optic nerve signals as visual
52
tonic receptors
show limited adaptation
respond continuously
53
phasic receptors
adapt rapidly
only respond to new stimuli
54
somatic sensory receptors
tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes
proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons
55
visceral sensory receptors
internal organs
monitor stretch, chemicals, temp, pain
56
chemoreceptors
detect chemicals dissolved in fluid
57
thermoreceptors
detect changes in temp
58
photoreceptors
detect changes in light intensity, color, movement
59
mechanoreceptors
detect distortion of cell membrane
60
nociceptors
detect painful stimuli
61
tactile receptors
abundant mechanoreceptors of skin and mucous membrane
62
referred pain
inaccurate localization
signals from viscera percieved from skin or muscle
63
olfaction
detection of ordors
64
olfactory epithelium
sensory receptor organ
65
process of olfaction
olfactory receptor cells detect odors'
supporting cells sustain receptors
basal cells replace olfactory receptor cells
66
rate of replacement olfactory cells
every 40 to 60 days
67
general pathway of neurons in olfaction
contain cilia with chemoreceptors for specific ordorant
axons form olfactory nerves that end in olfactory bulbs, synapse
project into temporal lobe, hypothalamus, amygdala, etc
68
5 basic tastes
```
sweet
salt
sour
bitter
umami
```
69
nerve that carries majority of tast info
cn 7 facial
cn 9 glossopharyngeal
70
cornea
convex transparent structure at front of eye
no blood vessels
refracts light
71
iris
gives eye color
smooth muscle, melanocytes, vessels, neural structures
controls pupil diameter
72
optic disc
no photoreceptors- blindspot
ganglion axons exit toward brain
73
rods
more numerous
highly sensitive
activated by dim light
converge on bipolar cells
74
cones
concentrated at fovea centralis
attracted by high intensity loght-color vision
one to one relationship with bipolar cells-sharp image in bright light
75
tears
excess fluid that is washed over eye while blinking
76
ciliary muscles
bands of smooth muscle connected to lens
muscle contraction alters lens shape
77
fovea centralis
depression in retina
center of field of vision
78
chamber contains aqueous humour
anterior cavity
in front of lens
79
chamber contains vitreous humor
posterior cavity
behind lens
80
tympanic membrane
eardrum
delicate funnel shaped epithelial sheet
between external and middle ear
vibrates when sound waves hit
transmits sound wave energy into middle ear
81
auditory tube
passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx
usually closed
equalizes pressure on sides of tympanic membrane
82
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones of middle ear
amplify sound waves and transmit sound into oval window
83
malleus
attached to medial surface of tympanic membrane
hammer
84
incus
middle ossicle resembling anvil
85
stapes
has disclike footstep fitting into oval window
stirrup
86
organ of hearing
cochlea
87
organ of equilibrium
vestibule
88
perilymph
interstitial fluid
bony labyrinth
89
endolymph
membranous labyrinth
90
where do axons of eqilibrium terminate
medulla or cerebellum
91
cranial nerves of equilibrium
cn 8 vestibulocochlear
92
enodocrine system
composed of ductless glands that synthesize and secrete hormones
93
target cells
specifice receptors for that hormone
94
endocrime transmits hormones via
blood
95
endocrine hormones have
longer reaction times
longer lasting effects
96
general funktions of endocrine system
regualte development, growth, metabolism
maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
control digestive process
control reproductive activities
97
hormonal stimulation
another hormone binds to receptors and stimulates release
98
humoral stimulation
certain change in levels of nutrient or ion in blood
99
nervous stimulation
neuron stimulates release of hormone
100
steroids
lipid soluble
101
biogenic amnines
modified amino acids
water soluble
102
proteins
water soluble chain of amino acids
103
lipid soluble hormones use what in the blood
carries proteins
104
water soluble hormones in blood
freely
105
hormones blood concentration depends on
how fast its synthesized and eliminated
106
hormone elimination
enzymatic degradation in liver
removal from blood via kidney excretion
target cell uptakes
107
half life
time neccessary to reduce hormones concentration to half its orginal life
108
hormones with short half lives
water soluble
109
hormones with long half lives
steroids
110
lipid soluble hormones
diffuse across target cell membrane
receptors in cytosol or nucleus
protein synthesis
111
water soluble hormones
membrane receptors
signal transduction pathway
112
signal transduction pathway
hormone is first messenger
binding activates g protein
g protein activation causes activation of membrane enzyme
activation enzyme catalyzes formation of second messenger- a chemical
113
action of water soluble hormones
enzymes can be activated or inhibited
growth can be stimulated
cellular secretions released
membrane permeability changed
muscles contracted or relaxed
114
cells response to a hormone varies with
number of receptors
simultaneous response to other hormones
115
up regulation
increase number of receptors
increase sensitivity
116
down regulation
decrease number of receptors
decrease sensitivity
117
pituitary gland
pea sized
| connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum
118
posterior pituitary
neural part
stores hormones from hypothalamus
119
anterior pituitary
glandular
portal system
capillaries
120
portal system
large vessels that connect two capillary networks
121
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
primary plexus- hypothalamus
secondary plexus- anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal veins- drains primary to secondary
122
hormones stored in posterior pituitary
oxytocin
| ADH
123
oxytocin
uterine contraction
milk ejection
emotional bonding
124
ADH
urine production
thrist
constrict blood vessel
125
releasing hormones
increase secretion of anterior pituitary
126
inhibiting hormones
decrease secretion of anterior pituitary
127
thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
release triggered from TRH
causes release thyroid hormone
128
prolactin
release triggered by PRH
causes milk production
129
adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
cause relase of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex
130
gonadotropins
FSH
LH
female-regulate ovarian development and secretion of estrogen
male- sperm development and secretion of testosterone
131
growth hormone
causes liver to secrete insulin like growth factors
132
growth hormone funktions
stimulation of linear growth at epiphyseal
hypertrophy of muscle
release of nutrients from storage into blood
133
GH and IGFs release nutrients from
adipose cells
134
feedback loop of GHRH, GH release
negative feedbacl
135
thyroid gland
microscopic follicles
highly vascularized
136
follicular cells
produce and relase thyroid hormone
137
colloid
viscouse, protein rich fluid
138
parafollicular cells
hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
139
hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis
cold temp
pregnancy
high altitude
hypoglycemia
TRH causes anterior pituitary to release TSH
140
TH increases
metabolic rate and protein synthesis
generates heat
stimulates increased amino acid and glucose uptake
141
atp production with TH
heptatocytes stimulate increase blood glucose
adipose cells stimulate increase blood glycerol and fatty acids
TH increase respiration rate
heart rate
142
negative feedback regulation of TH release
increase in TH cause decrease in release
TH inhibits release of TRH from hypothalamus
TH inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary
TH causes release GH inhibiting hormone
143
adrenal medulla
inner core
blood vessles
release epinephrine and norepinephrine
144
adrenal cortex
synthesize 25 corticosteroids
| yellow due to lipids
145
mineralcorticoids
regulate electrolyte
| aldosterone
146
glucocorticoids
regulate blood sugar
| cortisol
147
gonadocorticoids
sex hormones
| androgens
148
cortisol
increase nutrient levels in blood
resist stress and repair injured tissue
break down proteins into amino acids
negative feedback
149
corticosterone used for
inflammation
suppress immune system
high risks of cancer, infections, retention of sodium and water, inhibits connective tissue repair
150
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
151
beta cells
secrete insulin
152
insulin does what to glucose
lowers
| high glucose after eating = more insulin released
153
how insulin lowers blood glucose
hepatocytes remove glucose from blood stores as glycogen
adipose cells decrease fatty acids in blood, store fat
body cells increase nutrient uptake in repsone to insulin
154
glucagon and blood glucose
raises
heptatocyes relase glucose
adipose cells release fatty acids and glycerol
155
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
causes drowisness
regulates day night cycles an mood
156
blood
continously regenerated connective tissue
| move gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
157
formed elements of blood
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
158
erythrocytes
```
transport respiratory gases in blood
RBC
flexible
lack nucleus and cellular organelles
packed with hemoglobin
biconcave discs
transport O2 and Co2
```
159
leukocytes
defend against pathogen
WBC
contain nucleus and organelees
tissues
160
platelets
help form clots
no nucleus
break off megakaryocytes in red marrow
161
plasma
fluid portion
| contain plasma proteins and dissolved solutes
162
transportation with blood
formed elements, dissolved molecules and ions
163
protection with blood
leukocytes, plasma proteins, protect against pathogens
164
blood regulation of body conditions
body temp
| body pH
165
fluid balance of blood
exchangw between blood and interstitial fluid
| maintain osmotic balace
166
hematocrit
percentage of volume of all formed elements
| percentage of RBC
167
components of plasma
water
plasma proteins
dissolved molecules and ions
168
plasma proteins exerts
colloid osmotic pressure
prevents loss of fluid from blood
maintain blood volume and blood pressure
169
albumins
most abundant
| regulate fluid movement
170
globulins
part of bodys defenses
171
fibrinogen
blood clot formation
172
regulatory proteins
includes enzymes and hormones
173
hemopoiesis
production of formed elements
| occurs in red bone marrow
174
hemocytoblasts
stem cells
175
pluripotents
can differentiate into many type of cells
| myeloid and lymphoid line
176
erythropoiesis
red blood cell production
proces requires iron, B vitamens, amino acids
becomes reticulocytes-lack organelles except ribosomes that make hemoglobin
177
hemoglobin
reg pigmented protein
transports O2 and CO2
4 globins (CO2) and 4 heme (O2)
178
erythropoietin
```
produced in kidneys
stimulated by hypoxia (low blood oxygen)
red marrow is target tissue
make more erythrocytes
low altitude
testosterone EPO production
```
179
erythrocyte destruction
lack orgnanelles, cannot synthesize proteins
phagocytize in spleen or liver
globins and proteins broken int o amino acids
180
heme group
converted into bilirubin
transported by albumin to liver
becomes bile-expelled as feces or urine
181
blood types
blood group depends on surface antigens projecting fro RBC membrane
182
type A blood
have antigen A
| anti-B antibodies
183
type B blood
have antigen B
| anti-A antibodies
184
type AB blood
have antigen A and B
| no antibodies
185
type O blood
neither A or B antigen
| both antibodies
186
incorrect blood given
clumping
| hemolysis
187
chemotaxis
attraction of leukocytes to chemicals released at an infection site
188
neutrophils
most numerous
first to arrive at infection
phagocytize infectious pathogens
pus
189
eosinophils
phagocytize antigen antibody complexes or allergies
cause inflammation caused by allergic reactions
active in case of parasitic worms
190
basophils
histamine-stimulates inflammatory response
| heparin- inhibits blood clotting
191
lymphocytes
T
B
natural killer cells
192
t lymphocytes
manage immunes response
193
B lymphocyte
become plasma cells and produce antibodies
194
natural killer cells
attack abnormal and infection tissue cells
195
monocytes
transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
196
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
| 3 phases
197
vascular spasm
blood vessel constriction
limits blood leakage
immediate but temporary
198
platelet plug formation
collagen fibers in vessel wall exposed
platelets stick to collagen
platelets develpo long processes allowing for better adhesion
platelets aggregate and close off injury
199
coagulation
blood clotting
network of fibrin forms a mesh- traps everything
requires calcium, clotting facotrs, platelets, vitamen K
200
intrinsic pathway
initiated by platelets upon damage to inside of vessel wall
201
extrinisic pathway
initiaited by damage to outside of vessel
202
common pathway
form prothrombin activator
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to siluble fibrin
presence of calcium causes formation of insoluble fibrin strands into meshwork
203
elimination of clot
clot retraction and fibrinolysis
204
clot retraction
actinomyosin contracts and squeezes serum out of developing clot making it smaller
205
fibrinolysis
degradation of fibrin strands by plasmin
