exam 5 Flashcards
(268 cards)
1
Q
cardiovascular system
A
heart
blood vessels
exchange kf gases
perfusion- blood to tissues
2
Q
arteries
A
away from heart
3
Q
veins
A
blood back to heart
4
Q
capillaries
A
sites of exchange of gases
5
Q
left and right atrium
A
recieve blood
6
Q
l and r ventricles
A
pump blood out of heart
7
Q
oxygenated blood
A
left side
8
Q
depxygenated blood
A
right side
9
Q
pulmonary trunk
A
transport blood out of R ventricles
splits into pulmonary arteries
10
Q
only artery with depxygenated blood
A
pulmomary artery
11
Q
aorta
A
transports blood out of left ventricle
12
Q
superior and inferior vena cava
A
empty deoxygenated blood into R atrium
13
Q
pulmonary veins
A
empty oxygenated blood into L atrium
14
Q
right AV valve
A
tricuspid
15
Q
left AV valve
A
bicuspid
mitral
16
Q
semilunar valve
A
prevent backflow
ventricles and arterial trunk
17
Q
pulmonary SL valve
A
R ventricle and pulmonary trunk
18
Q
aortic SL valve
A
L ventricle and aorta
19
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
right side
deoxygenated from R side to lungs
lungs pick up o2 and release co2
return to L side
20
Q
systemic circulation
A
left side
moves oxygenated blood from L side to systemic cells
systemic cells exchange
return to R side
21
Q
heart location
A
mediastinum
left rotated
base- trunks
apex- bottom
22
Q
pericardium
A
three layered sac around heart
23
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
outermost covering.
dense irregular CT- inelastic
prevents overfilling
24
Q
parietal layer of serous pericardium
A
attaches to fibrous pericardium
25
visceral layer of serous pericardium
attached directly to heart
26
superficial features of heart
grooves contain coronary vessels supply bloodnto heart wall
27
epicardium
outermost
simple squamous ET and CT
28
myocardium
middle
thick
cardiac muscle
pumps blood
29
endocardium
internal and external surface valves
simple squamous ET and CT
continous lining with blood vessels
30
pectinate muscles
R atrium
risges on anterior wall within auricle
31
fossa ovalis
oval depression on interatrial septum
fetal foramen ovale
32
auricle
flap of tissue on outside of atrium
33
trabeculae carnae
irregualr muscular risdes in ventricle wall
34
papillary muscles
cone shaped projection extending from interal ventricle wall
attach to chordaw tendinae
35
chordaw tendinae
thin collagen fibers attach to AV valvr
36
L atrium
pectinate muscles in auricle
entrance from pulmonary veins
37
L ventricle
traveculae carnae on internal
two papillary muscles anchor chordae tendinae
aorta
38
AV valves close when
ventricles contract to push blood up
39
how many cusps in SL valve
3
40
cardiac muscle
short
branched
1 or 2 nuclei
t-tubules and SR
myofilaments form sarcomeres
intercalated discs
41
gap junctions
electrically join cells to make each chamber a functional unti
42
metabolism for cardiac muscle
high demand for energy
extensive blood supply
numerous mitochondria
myoglobin and creatine kinase
aerobic
43
fibrous skeleton
dense irregualr CT
electrical insulator preventing ventricles from contracting at same time as atria
44
coronary circulation
deliveres blood to hearts myocardium
45
R and L cornary arteries
aortic valve
46
blood flow around heart
vessels open when heart relaxed
47
conduction system
inisted and conducts electrical events to ensure proper timing of contractions
48
SA node
heartbeat
pacemakers
R atrium
49
AV node
R atrium
50
AV bundle
extends from AV node thro septum
L and R bundles
51
purkinje fibers
extends from bundles at apex
walls of ventricles
52
cardiac center of medulla oblongata
recieves signals from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
sends signals via symp and parasymp
modifies cardiac activity
influence rate and force of contraction
53
parasympathetic innervation of heart
decreases heart rate
starts at medulla
relayed via vagus
54
sympathetic innervation
imcrease heart rate and force
starts at medulla
relayed via symp neurons
55
nodal cells
SA node initiate heartbeat
spontaneously depolarizr amd generatr ap
56
reaching threshold
voltage gated Na open
| Na flows in
57
depolarizstion
voltage gated Ca open
| Ca flows in
58
repolarization
Ca cloes
volatage gate K open
K flows out
restote RMP
59
spread of action potential
start at SA node
ap enters atria reaches AV node (contract)
ap delayed at AV node (fill ventricles)
ap travels through AB bundle to purkinje fibers
ap enters ventricles (contract)
60
p wave
atrial depolarization
61
qrs complex
ventricular depolarization
62
t wave
ventriculae repolarization
63
pr interval
begin p wage to qrs deflection
atrial depol to ventricles depol
transmit ap to entire conduction system
64
qt interval
begin qrs to end of t wave
time of ventricles ap
65
systole
contraction
66
diastole
relaxation
67
ventricular contraction
raises ventricular pressure
AV valves pushed closed
SL valves pushed open and blood ejected to artery
68
ventricular relaxation
lowers ventricular pressure
SL valves close
AV open
69
events of cardiac cycles
```
rest
blood enter atria
passive filling of ventricles (AV open)
atria contraction, ventricles fill
atria relax
ventricles contract AV open
ventricles eject SL open
```
70
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected by ventricles each beat
71
end systolic volume
amount of blood remaining in ventriclrs after contraction
72
isovolumetric relaxation
ventricles relax and expand
lower pressure
blood closes SL valves
73
ventricular balance
equal amounts of blood are pumped by left and right side of heart
74
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by single ventricle in one minute
heart rate and stroke volume
meet tissue needs
75
cardiac reserve
capacity to increase cardiac output above rest level
76
chronotrooic agents
change heart rate
77
postivie chronotropic agents
increase heart rate
symp stimulation, NE release on heart
78
negstive chronotropic agents
decrease heart rate
parasymp, release AcH
opens K channels. hyperpolarize
79
stroke volume influenced by
venius return
| afterload
80
venous return
volume of blood returned to heart
directly related to stroke volume
determines preload
81
frank sterling law
EDG increase, greater stretch of wall
contracts more forcefully when filled with more blood so stroke volume increas
82
afterload
resistance in arteries to ejection of blood by ventricles
pressure exceeded before blood ejected
atherosclerosis increase afterload
decrease stroke volume
83
space inside of a vessel
lumen
84
three layers of walls of vessel
tunica initma
tunica media
tunica externa
85
tunica intima
innermost
| endothelium of simple squamous epithelium
86
tunica media
middle layer
circular layers of smooth muscle with elastic fibers
vasoconstriction
vasodilation
87
tunica externa
outermost layer
areolar CT with elastic and collagen fibers
anchor
88
companion vessel
arteries and veins serving same body region
89
vessel layers of arteries
thicker tunica media
narrow lumen
resistant to pressure
elastic and collagen fibers
90
vessel layers of veins
thicker tunica externa
larger lumen
less collagen and elastic fibers
wall collapses when empty
91
vessel layer of capillaries
only tunica intima
endothelium and basement membrane
thin walls allows easy gas exchange
92
elastic arteries
large proportion of elastic fibers to stretch and recoil
helps propel blood during diastole
93
muscular arteries
allows vasoconstriction and dilation
94
arterioles
smallest arteries
vasomotor tone in medulla
regulate systemic blood pressure and blood flow
95
capillary characterisitcs
connect arterioles and venules
RBC travel single file
thin wall fro gas exchange
96
capillary beds
group of capillaries
| fed by arteriole
97
precapillary sphincter
smooth muscle ring
relaxs to permit blood into capillaries
contraction causes blood to bypass bed
98
perfusion
amount of blood entering capillaries per unit of time
99
venules
smallest veins
companion vessels with arterioles
merge to form veins
100
systemic veins act as
blood reservoirs
| most blood in systemic veins
101
portal system
two capillary beds in sequnce
102
diffusion
substance leave or enter blood according to their concentration gradient (high to low)
103
bulk flow
plasma
fluids flow down pressure gradient
movement direction depends on net pressure of opposing forces
104
diffusion of oxygen, hormones, nutrients
move from blood to ISF
105
diffusion of co2 and wastes
from tissue to blood
106
filteration
fluid moves out of blood
easily flow through capillaries
arterial end
107
reaborption
fluid moves back into blood
| venus end
108
hydrostatic pressure
force exerted by a fluid
109
blood hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure
force exerted per unit area by blood on vessel wall
promotes filteration
110
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
force ISF on outside of blood vessle
oppose filteration from capillary
111
pressure favoring filteration
```
blood pressure (BP)
IFCOP
```
112
pressure opposing filteration
IFHP
| blood osmotic pressure (BOP)
113
arterial end
filteration
| BP greater than BOP
114
venous end
BOP greater than BP
115
colloid osmotic pressure
the pull on water due to presence of protein solutes
116
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
draws fluid into blood due to blood proteins
promotes reabsorption
117
ISF colloid osmotic pressure (IFCOP)
draws fluid into ISF
118
net filteration pressure
difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid pressure
119
net hydrostatic pressure
difference between blood and ISF hydrostatic pressure
120
net colloid osmotic pressure
difference between blood and ISF osmotic pressure
121
lymphatic system
picks up excess fluid not reabsorbed at venous capillary end
| filters fluid and returns to venous circulation
122
local blood flow is dependent upon
degree of tissue vascularity
myogenic response
local regulatory factors altering blood flow
total blood flow
123
degree of vascularization
extent of vessels in a tissue
| metabolically active tissue have high vascularity
124
angiogensis
formation of new vessels
125
regression
retuen to previous state of blood vessels
126
myogenic response
smooth muscle in blood vessel wall keeps local flow relatively constant
if systemic BP rises and more blood enters arteriole will stretch (vice versa)
127
vasodilators
dilate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters
increase flow itno capillary bed
128
vasoconstrictors
constrict arterioles and contract precapillary sphincters
decrease flow into capillary beds
129
autoregulation and changinf metabolic activity
tissue controls local blood flow
negative feedback: perfusion increases, vessels constrict
130
reactive hyperemia
increase in blood flow after temporarily disrupted
additional o2, nutrientsm elimintate wastes
131
total blood flow
amount of blood transported through vasculature per unit of time
132
blood pressure gradient
change in pressure from one end of vessle to other
propels blood through vessels
pressure high in arteries (aorta)
pressure low in veins (vena cavae)
133
arterial blood pressure
blood flow in arteries pulses with cardiac cycle
134
systolic pressure
ventricle contraction
135
diastolic pressure
ventricles relaxation
136
increase sympathetic regulation
constriction of veins
increase venous pressure
increase venous return
137
decrease sympathetic regulation
dilation of veins
decrease venous pressure
decrease venous return
138
capillary blood pressire
pressure doesnt flucuates
high enough for gas exchange
low enough not to damage vessels
139
venous return
blood returns to heart
| pressure gradient is small
140
venous return depends on
pressure gradient
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
141
skeletal muscle pump
assits venous retrun from limbs
muscle contracts, veins are squeezed
valves prevents backflow and pooling
142
respiratory pump
assits venous return in thorax
| ventilation
143
resistance
friction blood encounters
due to contact between blood and vessel wall
opposes blood flow
144
peripheral resistance
resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
| affected by viscosity, vessel length, lumen size
145
blood viscosity
greater thickness = greater viscosity = raises resistance
depends on particles in fluid
visocsity decreases with anemia
increases with blood doping or dehydration
146
vessel length
longer vessels create more resistance
| normaly constance, affected by weight gain or loss
147
vessel radius
smaller radius created more resistance
diameter increase, resistance decerase, the flow increase
main way resistance is regulated
148
systemic blood pressure gradient
gradient increase, total blood flow increase
| gradient increased by increased cardiac output
149
resistance increase, total blood flow
decreases
150
regulation of blood pressure
kept in proper range
high enough to allow perfusion
not so high to damage vessels
151
pressure depends on
cardiac output
resistance
blood volume
152
neural regulation of BP
autonomic reflexes regulate BP short term
quickly adjust
medulla oblongata
153
vasomotor tone
partial constriction of arterioles due to constance sympathetic stimulation
154
increase sympathetic stimulation
increase vasomotor tone (constrict)
| increase resistance
155
decrease sympathetic stimulation
decrease vasomotor tone (dilation)
| decrease resistance
156
if you ____ resistance, BP will ___ to overcome ___ resistance and still deliever blood to our tissues
increase resistance
BP increase
overcome greater resistance
157
cardiovascular center
medulla oblongata: 2 nuclei
vasomotor tone
cardiac center
158
cardiac center
influences BP by influencing cardiac output
| 2 nuclei
159
vasomotor center
influences BP by influencing vessel diameter
orgin of sympathetic pathways
release NE
160
cardioaccelatory center
orgin of sympathetic pathways
extends to SA node and myocardium
activity increases heart rate and force
increase cardia output and BP
161
cardioinhinitory center
orgin of parasympathetic pathways
extend to SA and AV nodes
activity decreases heart rate and slows conduction
decrease cardiac output and BP
162
alpha receptors
NE and EPI cause vessel contraction
163
beta receptors
NE and EPi cause vasodilation
164
sympathetic activation and adrenal secretion lead to
increased peripheral resistance and Bp
| large blood volumes, increase BP
165
baroreceptors
nerve endings that respond to stretch of vessel wall
| firing rate changes with BP changes
166
aortic arch baroreceptors
transmit signals to cardiovascular center
regulate systemic BP
167
carotid sinuses
transmit signals to cardiovascular center
monitor BP in vessels that serve the brain
more sensitive to BP changes
168
autonmic relfexes for Bp sre
baroreceptor reflexes
| iniated by increase or decrease of BP
169
BP decrease in autonmic reflex
vessel stretch decline, firing rate decrease
stimulate sympathetic pathways to increase CO
minimize parasympathetic
vasomotor center increase vasoconstrtiction
increase CO and resistance raises BP
170
BP increase in autonmic relfex
```
vessels stretch and firing rate increase
less sympathetic signals
active ps pathways to SA and Av nodes
symp pathway to blood vessles
decrease CO and resistance lowers BP
quick changes
```
171
hypothalamus
increase CO and R
| increase boyd temp or sympathetic
172
limbi system
alter BP in response to emotions or memories
173
hormones that raise BP
angiotensis 2
ADH
aldosterone
174
hormone that lowers BP
atrial natriuretic peptide
175
renin-angiotensisn system
liver makes inactive angiotensinogen enter blood
kidneys relase renins into blood in response to low BP
renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
ACE converts 1 to 2
176
angiotensisn and BP
```
raises BP
powerful vasoconstrictor
thirsty center
fluid intake increases blood volume
decrease urine
stimulates relaseof aldosterone and ADH
```
177
aldosterone
maintian blood volume and BP
releaase from adrenal cortex
increase absorption of sodium and water in kidney
decrease urin
178
ADH
```
elevate BP
released from posterior pituitary
increase water reabsoprtion in kidney
stimulates thirst to increase fluid intake
vasoconstriction
```
179
atrial natruretic peptide
decrease BP
release from atria when walls are stretched by high blood volume
vasodilation
increase urine
180
repsiration
gas exchange
181
diffusion of oxygen
alveolid into blood
182
diffusion of c02
blood into alveolid
183
funktion of repsiratory system
conducting zone transports air
| respiratory zone gas exchange
184
musocsa
mucous membrane lines repsiratory tracts
185
mucous secretions
mucin protein
increase mucus viscosity and traps particles
defense against microbes
186
nose
inhaled air
warms, cleans, humidifies air
cilia
187
nasal conchae
superior, middle, inferior
bony projections on lateral walls of cavity
produce turbulence
188
nasolacrimal ducts
drain lacrimal secretions from eye to nasal cavity
189
pharynx
passageway from nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx
| walls composed of skeletal muscles
190
nasopharynx
```
superior part
air passage
soft palate elevates during swallowing to block food
connects to audiotry tube
tonsils
```
191
orophayrnx
```
middle
posterior oral cavity
extends from soft palat to hyoid bone
food and air
tonsils
```
192
laryngopharynx
lower
posterior to larynx
food and air
193
larynx
air passageway-usually open
prevents materials from entering airway (epiglottis)
produces sounds
sneeze and cough reflex
remove irritants from nasal cavity
194
larynx anatomy
nine pieces of cartilage held by ligaments
single thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis cartilage
paired arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
195
thyroid cartilage
shield shape
| laterla and anterior walls of larynx
196
cricoid cartilage
ring shape
| inferiors to thyroid cartilage
197
epiglottis
spoon shaped
inner thyroid cartilage
closes layrngel inlet during swallowing
198
vocal ligaments of larynx
avascualr elsatic CT
covered in mucosa to form fold
produce sound when air passes
199
trachea
flexible, rigid, tubular
larynx to main bronchi
c-shaped hylain cartilage rings- ensure open
200
carina
end of trachea where it splits
sensory receptors
cough reflex
201
trachealis muscle
tracheas posterior side
connects c-shaped rings
allows esophagus to expand
202
layer of tracheal wall
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
| mucous glands
203
bronchial tree
trachea = L and R main bronchi = lobar bronchi = segmental bronchi = bronchioles
204
brnchiole anatomy
no cartilage
| thick layer of smooth muscle
205
bronchioconstriction
less air through bronchial tree
206
bronchodilation
more air through bronchial tree
207
respiratory bronchioles
subdivide to alveolar ducts = alveolar sacs
208
alveoli
saccular outpocketings
| thin for gas exchange
209
alveolar pores
opening providings collateral ventilatiom
pulmonary capillaries
separated by septum
elastic fibers
210
alveolar cells
simple squamous
| secrete surfactant- prevents alveoli from collapsing
211
alveolar macrophage
dust cells
| leukocytes engulf microogranism
212
respiratory membrane
thin barrier between alveoli and capillaries
| alveolar and capillary endothelium with basement membrance
213
lungs
either side of mediastinum
conical shape
base-bottom
apex-top
214
hilium
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonmic nerves, lymph vessels pass through
root of the lung
215
right lung
3 lobes
larger
2 fissures
216
left lung
2 lobes
smaller
1 fissure
cardiac notch
217
bronchiopulmonary segments
own pulmonary artery and vein
| segement so f each lung that can be removed
218
pleura
serous membrance
| outer lining of cavity
219
pleural cavity
between visceral and parietal membrance
| serous fluid inside
220
intrapleural pressure
low
expang outward
elastic tissue pulls inward
221
alevolar pressure is ___ than intrapleural pressure, lungs remain ____
greater
| inflated
222
pulmonary ventilation
movement of gases between atmosphere and alveoli
inspiration and expiration
autonomic nucei in brainstem
skeletal muscles change thorax volume=pressure change
223
alveolar gas exchange
exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
224
gas transport
transport of gases in blood between lungs and systemic cells
225
systemic gas exchange
exchange of repsiratory gases between the blood and systemic cells
226
mechanics of breathing
skeletal muscles of breathing
dimensional changes in thoracic cavity
pressure change from volume change
pressure gradient
227
muscles of quiet breathing
diaphragm
intercostal muscles
contract=inspiration
relax=expiration
228
boyles gas law
increase volume size = decrease prssure
| decrease volume size = increase pressure
229
intrapleural presssure
lower than alveolar pressure (lungs inflated)
230
inspiration volume and pressure
thoracic volume increase
thoracic pressure decrease
air flows in
231
expiration volume and pressure
thoracic volume decreases
thoracic pressure increases
air flows out
232
quiet breathing inspiration
alveolr pressure and atm pressure equal
diaphragm and intercostals contract=volume increase
intrapleural pressure less than alveolar pressure
lung volume increase and alveolar pressure decrease
233
quiet breathing expiration
alveolar pressure = atm pressure
intrapleural lower
diaphragm and intercostals relax=volume decrease
cavity decrease= intrepleural increases
234
respiratory center of brainstem
medullary respiratory center
pontine repsiratory center
influence muscles
235
central chemoreceptors
medulla
monitor ph of CSF
CSF ph changes caused by changes in blood PCO2
236
peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic and carotif bodies
| changes in H+ in blood
237
proprioreceptors
muscles and joints stimulated by body movements
238
baroreceptors
pleurae and bronchioles respond to stretch
239
irritant receptors
air passageway stimulated by particles
240
physiology of inspiration
neurons fire
nerve pathways exciting skeletal muscles
diaphragm and intercostals contract
241
physiology of expiration
inhibition of neurons
inhibit inspiratory muscles
diaphragm and intercostals relax
242
pontine respiratory center
smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration
| cause erratic breathing
243
most important stimulus affecting breathing
blood PCO2
| influence sensitive central chemoreceptors
244
altering breathing through other receptors
increase breathing depth
inhalation refelx to shut off inspiration and protect against over inflation
sneeze and cough
245
hypothalamus
increase breathing rate if body is warm
246
limbic system
alters breathing rate in response to emotions
247
frontal lobe
voluntary changes in breathing patterns
248
airflow depends on
pressure gradient
resistance
resistance increase, airflow lessens
249
pressure gradient
change by altering volume of throacic cavity
250
resistance altered by
change in elasticity
change in bronchiole diameter
collape of alveolie
251
decrease in chest wall elascitiy
increase resistance
252
bronchiole diameter varies
inversely with resistance
constriction=increase resistance
dialtion=decerase resistance
253
collapse alveolie
increase resistance
| not producing surfactant
254
conditions that increase resistance to airflow
decrease size of bronchiole lumen
decrease compliance
forceful inspirations=more energy
255
alveolar gas exchange
pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
256
systemic gas exchange
systemic capillaries and systemic cells
257
henrys law
at given temp, solubility of gas in liquid dependent upon partial pressure
258
driving force moving gas into liquid
partial pressure
259
anatomical features of membrance contributing to efficiency
large surface area
| minimal thickenss
260
ventilation perfusion coupling
ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow
261
most CO2 carried by
bicarbonate
262
oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve
saturation increases as PO2 increases
263
altitude sickness
decrease alveolar PO2 and low oxygen saturation
| some o2 released from hemoglobin at systemic capillaries
264
oxygen reserve
o2 remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic circulation
additional o2 delivered increases metabolic demands
265
other factors tha influence release o2 from hemoglobin during systemic exchange
temperature (lowers)
| H+ binding to hemoglobin (decreased affinity)
266
haldance effect
conformational change increases amount of CO2 that can bind
decrease o2 affinity for hemoglobin
increase o2 affinity to hemoglobin
267
hyperventilation
breathing rate or depth above bodys demand
PO2 rises, PCO2 falls in alveoli
hypocapnia (low CO2)=vasoconstrcition
respiratory alkalosis
268
hypoventilation
```
breathing to slow or shallow
o2 levels down
co2 levels up in alveoli
inadequate oxygen delivery
H+ ion concentration due to high blood PCO2=acidosis
```
