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anatomy > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart
blood vessels

exchange kf gases

perfusion- blood to tissues

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2
Q

arteries

A

away from heart

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3
Q

veins

A

blood back to heart

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4
Q

capillaries

A

sites of exchange of gases

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5
Q

left and right atrium

A

recieve blood

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6
Q

l and r ventricles

A

pump blood out of heart

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7
Q

oxygenated blood

A

left side

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8
Q

depxygenated blood

A

right side

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9
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

transport blood out of R ventricles

splits into pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

only artery with depxygenated blood

A

pulmomary artery

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11
Q

aorta

A

transports blood out of left ventricle

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12
Q

superior and inferior vena cava

A

empty deoxygenated blood into R atrium

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13
Q

pulmonary veins

A

empty oxygenated blood into L atrium

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14
Q

right AV valve

A

tricuspid

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15
Q

left AV valve

A

bicuspid

mitral

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16
Q

semilunar valve

A

prevent backflow

ventricles and arterial trunk

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17
Q

pulmonary SL valve

A

R ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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18
Q

aortic SL valve

A

L ventricle and aorta

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19
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side

deoxygenated from R side to lungs

lungs pick up o2 and release co2

return to L side

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20
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side

moves oxygenated blood from L side to systemic cells

systemic cells exchange

return to R side

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21
Q

heart location

A

mediastinum
left rotated
base- trunks
apex- bottom

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22
Q

pericardium

A

three layered sac around heart

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23
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outermost covering.

dense irregular CT- inelastic

prevents overfilling

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24
Q

parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

attaches to fibrous pericardium

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25
Q

visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

attached directly to heart

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26
Q

superficial features of heart

A

grooves contain coronary vessels supply bloodnto heart wall

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27
Q

epicardium

A

outermost

simple squamous ET and CT

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28
Q

myocardium

A

middle
thick
cardiac muscle
pumps blood

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29
Q

endocardium

A

internal and external surface valves

simple squamous ET and CT

continous lining with blood vessels

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30
Q

pectinate muscles

A

R atrium

risges on anterior wall within auricle

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31
Q

fossa ovalis

A

oval depression on interatrial septum

fetal foramen ovale

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32
Q

auricle

A

flap of tissue on outside of atrium

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33
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

irregualr muscular risdes in ventricle wall

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34
Q

papillary muscles

A

cone shaped projection extending from interal ventricle wall

attach to chordaw tendinae

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35
Q

chordaw tendinae

A

thin collagen fibers attach to AV valvr

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36
Q

L atrium

A

pectinate muscles in auricle

entrance from pulmonary veins

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37
Q

L ventricle

A

traveculae carnae on internal

two papillary muscles anchor chordae tendinae

aorta

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38
Q

AV valves close when

A

ventricles contract to push blood up

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39
Q

how many cusps in SL valve

A

3

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40
Q

cardiac muscle

A

short
branched
1 or 2 nuclei
t-tubules and SR

myofilaments form sarcomeres

intercalated discs

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41
Q

gap junctions

A

electrically join cells to make each chamber a functional unti

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42
Q

metabolism for cardiac muscle

A

high demand for energy
extensive blood supply
numerous mitochondria
myoglobin and creatine kinase

aerobic

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43
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

dense irregualr CT

electrical insulator preventing ventricles from contracting at same time as atria

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44
Q

coronary circulation

A

deliveres blood to hearts myocardium

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45
Q

R and L cornary arteries

A

aortic valve

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46
Q

blood flow around heart

A

vessels open when heart relaxed

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47
Q

conduction system

A

inisted and conducts electrical events to ensure proper timing of contractions

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48
Q

SA node

A

heartbeat
pacemakers
R atrium

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49
Q

AV node

A

R atrium

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50
Q

AV bundle

A

extends from AV node thro septum

L and R bundles

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51
Q

purkinje fibers

A

extends from bundles at apex

walls of ventricles

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52
Q

cardiac center of medulla oblongata

A

recieves signals from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

sends signals via symp and parasymp

modifies cardiac activity

influence rate and force of contraction

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53
Q

parasympathetic innervation of heart

A

decreases heart rate
starts at medulla
relayed via vagus

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54
Q

sympathetic innervation

A

imcrease heart rate and force
starts at medulla
relayed via symp neurons

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55
Q

nodal cells

A

SA node initiate heartbeat

spontaneously depolarizr amd generatr ap

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56
Q

reaching threshold

A

voltage gated Na open

Na flows in

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57
Q

depolarizstion

A

voltage gated Ca open

Ca flows in

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58
Q

repolarization

A

Ca cloes
volatage gate K open
K flows out

restote RMP

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59
Q

spread of action potential

A

start at SA node
ap enters atria reaches AV node (contract)

ap delayed at AV node (fill ventricles)

ap travels through AB bundle to purkinje fibers

ap enters ventricles (contract)

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60
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

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61
Q

qrs complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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62
Q

t wave

A

ventriculae repolarization

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63
Q

pr interval

A

begin p wage to qrs deflection

atrial depol to ventricles depol

transmit ap to entire conduction system

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64
Q

qt interval

A

begin qrs to end of t wave

time of ventricles ap

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65
Q

systole

A

contraction

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66
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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67
Q

ventricular contraction

A

raises ventricular pressure

AV valves pushed closed

SL valves pushed open and blood ejected to artery

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68
Q

ventricular relaxation

A

lowers ventricular pressure

SL valves close

AV open

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69
Q

events of cardiac cycles

A 
rest
blood enter atria
passive filling of ventricles (AV open)
atria contraction, ventricles fill
atria relax
ventricles contract AV open
ventricles eject SL open
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70
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected by ventricles each beat

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71
Q

end systolic volume

A

amount of blood remaining in ventriclrs after contraction

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72
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricles relax and expand
lower pressure
blood closes SL valves

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73
Q

ventricular balance

A

equal amounts of blood are pumped by left and right side of heart

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74
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by single ventricle in one minute

heart rate and stroke volume

meet tissue needs

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75
Q

cardiac reserve

A

capacity to increase cardiac output above rest level

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76
Q

chronotrooic agents

A

change heart rate

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77
Q

postivie chronotropic agents

A

increase heart rate

symp stimulation, NE release on heart

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78
Q

negstive chronotropic agents

A

decrease heart rate

parasymp, release AcH
opens K channels. hyperpolarize

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79
Q

stroke volume influenced by

A

venius return

afterload

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80
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returned to heart

directly related to stroke volume

determines preload

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81
Q

frank sterling law

A

EDG increase, greater stretch of wall

contracts more forcefully when filled with more blood so stroke volume increas

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82
Q

afterload

A

resistance in arteries to ejection of blood by ventricles

pressure exceeded before blood ejected

atherosclerosis increase afterload

decrease stroke volume

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83
Q

space inside of a vessel

A

lumen

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84
Q

three layers of walls of vessel

A

tunica initma
tunica media
tunica externa

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85
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost

endothelium of simple squamous epithelium

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86
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer
circular layers of smooth muscle with elastic fibers
vasoconstriction
vasodilation

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87
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost layer
areolar CT with elastic and collagen fibers
anchor

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88
Q

companion vessel

A

arteries and veins serving same body region

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89
Q

vessel layers of arteries

A

thicker tunica media
narrow lumen
resistant to pressure
elastic and collagen fibers

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90
Q

vessel layers of veins

A

thicker tunica externa
larger lumen
less collagen and elastic fibers
wall collapses when empty

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91
Q

vessel layer of capillaries

A

only tunica intima
endothelium and basement membrane
thin walls allows easy gas exchange

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92
Q

elastic arteries

A

large proportion of elastic fibers to stretch and recoil

helps propel blood during diastole

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93
Q

muscular arteries

A

allows vasoconstriction and dilation

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94
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries
vasomotor tone in medulla
regulate systemic blood pressure and blood flow

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95
Q

capillary characterisitcs

A

connect arterioles and venules
RBC travel single file
thin wall fro gas exchange

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96
Q

capillary beds

A

group of capillaries

fed by arteriole

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97
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

smooth muscle ring
relaxs to permit blood into capillaries
contraction causes blood to bypass bed

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98
Q

perfusion

A

amount of blood entering capillaries per unit of time

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99
Q

venules

A

smallest veins
companion vessels with arterioles
merge to form veins

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100
Q

systemic veins act as

A

blood reservoirs

most blood in systemic veins

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101
Q

portal system

A

two capillary beds in sequnce

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102
Q

diffusion

A

substance leave or enter blood according to their concentration gradient (high to low)

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103
Q

bulk flow

A

plasma
fluids flow down pressure gradient
movement direction depends on net pressure of opposing forces

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104
Q

diffusion of oxygen, hormones, nutrients

A

move from blood to ISF

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105
Q

diffusion of co2 and wastes

A

from tissue to blood

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106
Q

filteration

A

fluid moves out of blood
easily flow through capillaries
arterial end

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107
Q

reaborption

A

fluid moves back into blood

venus end

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108
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by a fluid

109
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure
force exerted per unit area by blood on vessel wall

promotes filteration

110
Q

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

A

force ISF on outside of blood vessle

oppose filteration from capillary

111
Q

pressure favoring filteration

A 
blood pressure (BP)
IFCOP
112
Q

pressure opposing filteration

A

IFHP

blood osmotic pressure (BOP)

113
Q

arterial end

A

filteration

BP greater than BOP

114
Q

venous end

A

BOP greater than BP

115
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

the pull on water due to presence of protein solutes

116
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

draws fluid into blood due to blood proteins

promotes reabsorption

117
Q

ISF colloid osmotic pressure (IFCOP)

A

draws fluid into ISF

118
Q

net filteration pressure

A

difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid pressure

119
Q

net hydrostatic pressure

A

difference between blood and ISF hydrostatic pressure

120
Q

net colloid osmotic pressure

A

difference between blood and ISF osmotic pressure

121
Q

lymphatic system

A

picks up excess fluid not reabsorbed at venous capillary end

filters fluid and returns to venous circulation

122
Q

local blood flow is dependent upon

A

degree of tissue vascularity
myogenic response
local regulatory factors altering blood flow
total blood flow

123
Q

degree of vascularization

A

extent of vessels in a tissue

metabolically active tissue have high vascularity

124
Q

angiogensis

A

formation of new vessels

125
Q

regression

A

retuen to previous state of blood vessels

126
Q

myogenic response

A

smooth muscle in blood vessel wall keeps local flow relatively constant

if systemic BP rises and more blood enters arteriole will stretch (vice versa)

127
Q

vasodilators

A

dilate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters

increase flow itno capillary bed

128
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

constrict arterioles and contract precapillary sphincters

decrease flow into capillary beds

129
Q

autoregulation and changinf metabolic activity

A

tissue controls local blood flow

negative feedback: perfusion increases, vessels constrict

130
Q

reactive hyperemia

A

increase in blood flow after temporarily disrupted

additional o2, nutrientsm elimintate wastes

131
Q

total blood flow

A

amount of blood transported through vasculature per unit of time

132
Q

blood pressure gradient

A

change in pressure from one end of vessle to other

propels blood through vessels

pressure high in arteries (aorta)
pressure low in veins (vena cavae)

133
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

blood flow in arteries pulses with cardiac cycle

134
Q

systolic pressure

A

ventricle contraction

135
Q

diastolic pressure

A

ventricles relaxation

136
Q

increase sympathetic regulation

A

constriction of veins
increase venous pressure
increase venous return

137
Q

decrease sympathetic regulation

A

dilation of veins
decrease venous pressure
decrease venous return

138
Q

capillary blood pressire

A

pressure doesnt flucuates
high enough for gas exchange
low enough not to damage vessels

139
Q

venous return

A

blood returns to heart

pressure gradient is small

140
Q

venous return depends on

A

pressure gradient
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump

141
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

assits venous retrun from limbs
muscle contracts, veins are squeezed
valves prevents backflow and pooling

142
Q

respiratory pump

A

assits venous return in thorax

ventilation

143
Q

resistance

A

friction blood encounters
due to contact between blood and vessel wall
opposes blood flow

144
Q

peripheral resistance

A

resistance of blood flow in blood vessels

affected by viscosity, vessel length, lumen size

145
Q

blood viscosity

A

greater thickness = greater viscosity = raises resistance

depends on particles in fluid

visocsity decreases with anemia
increases with blood doping or dehydration

146
Q

vessel length

A

longer vessels create more resistance

normaly constance, affected by weight gain or loss

147
Q

vessel radius

A

smaller radius created more resistance
diameter increase, resistance decerase, the flow increase
main way resistance is regulated

148
Q

systemic blood pressure gradient

A

gradient increase, total blood flow increase

gradient increased by increased cardiac output

149
Q

resistance increase, total blood flow

A

decreases

150
Q

regulation of blood pressure

A

kept in proper range
high enough to allow perfusion
not so high to damage vessels

151
Q

pressure depends on

A

cardiac output
resistance
blood volume

152
Q

neural regulation of BP

A

autonomic reflexes regulate BP short term
quickly adjust
medulla oblongata

153
Q

vasomotor tone

A

partial constriction of arterioles due to constance sympathetic stimulation

154
Q

increase sympathetic stimulation

A

increase vasomotor tone (constrict)

increase resistance

155
Q

decrease sympathetic stimulation

A

decrease vasomotor tone (dilation)

decrease resistance

156
Q

if you ____ resistance, BP will ___ to overcome ___ resistance and still deliever blood to our tissues

A

increase resistance
BP increase
overcome greater resistance

157
Q

cardiovascular center

A

medulla oblongata: 2 nuclei
vasomotor tone
cardiac center

158
Q

cardiac center

A

influences BP by influencing cardiac output

2 nuclei

159
Q

vasomotor center

A

influences BP by influencing vessel diameter
orgin of sympathetic pathways
release NE

160
Q

cardioaccelatory center

A

orgin of sympathetic pathways
extends to SA node and myocardium
activity increases heart rate and force
increase cardia output and BP

161
Q

cardioinhinitory center

A

orgin of parasympathetic pathways
extend to SA and AV nodes
activity decreases heart rate and slows conduction
decrease cardiac output and BP

162
Q

alpha receptors

A

NE and EPI cause vessel contraction

163
Q

beta receptors

A

NE and EPi cause vasodilation

164
Q

sympathetic activation and adrenal secretion lead to

A

increased peripheral resistance and Bp

large blood volumes, increase BP

165
Q

baroreceptors

A

nerve endings that respond to stretch of vessel wall

firing rate changes with BP changes

166
Q

aortic arch baroreceptors

A

transmit signals to cardiovascular center

regulate systemic BP

167
Q

carotid sinuses

A

transmit signals to cardiovascular center
monitor BP in vessels that serve the brain
more sensitive to BP changes

168
Q

autonmic relfexes for Bp sre

A

baroreceptor reflexes

iniated by increase or decrease of BP

169
Q

BP decrease in autonmic reflex

A

vessel stretch decline, firing rate decrease
stimulate sympathetic pathways to increase CO
minimize parasympathetic
vasomotor center increase vasoconstrtiction
increase CO and resistance raises BP

170
Q

BP increase in autonmic relfex

A 
vessels stretch and firing rate increase
less sympathetic signals
active ps pathways to SA and Av nodes
symp pathway to blood vessles
decrease CO and resistance lowers BP
quick changes
171
Q

hypothalamus

A

increase CO and R

increase boyd temp or sympathetic

172
Q

limbi system

A

alter BP in response to emotions or memories

173
Q

hormones that raise BP

A

angiotensis 2
ADH
aldosterone

174
Q

hormone that lowers BP

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

175
Q

renin-angiotensisn system

A

liver makes inactive angiotensinogen enter blood

kidneys relase renins into blood in response to low BP

renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

ACE converts 1 to 2

176
Q

angiotensisn and BP

A 
raises BP
powerful vasoconstrictor
thirsty center
fluid intake increases blood volume
decrease urine
stimulates relaseof aldosterone and ADH
177
Q

aldosterone

A

maintian blood volume and BP
releaase from adrenal cortex
increase absorption of sodium and water in kidney
decrease urin

178
Q

ADH

A 
elevate BP
released from posterior pituitary
increase water reabsoprtion in kidney
stimulates thirst to increase fluid intake
vasoconstriction
179
Q

atrial natruretic peptide

A

decrease BP
release from atria when walls are stretched by high blood volume
vasodilation
increase urine

180
Q

repsiration

A

gas exchange

181
Q

diffusion of oxygen

A

alveolid into blood

182
Q

diffusion of c02

A

blood into alveolid

183
Q

funktion of repsiratory system

A

conducting zone transports air

respiratory zone gas exchange

184
Q

musocsa

A

mucous membrane lines repsiratory tracts

185
Q

mucous secretions

A

mucin protein
increase mucus viscosity and traps particles
defense against microbes

186
Q

nose

A

inhaled air
warms, cleans, humidifies air
cilia

187
Q

nasal conchae

A

superior, middle, inferior
bony projections on lateral walls of cavity
produce turbulence

188
Q

nasolacrimal ducts

A

drain lacrimal secretions from eye to nasal cavity

189
Q

pharynx

A

passageway from nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx

walls composed of skeletal muscles

190
Q

nasopharynx

A 
superior part
air passage
soft palate elevates during swallowing to block food
connects to audiotry tube
tonsils
191
Q

orophayrnx

A 
middle
posterior oral cavity
extends from soft palat to hyoid bone
food and air
tonsils
192
Q

laryngopharynx

A

lower
posterior to larynx
food and air

193
Q

larynx

A

air passageway-usually open
prevents materials from entering airway (epiglottis)
produces sounds

sneeze and cough reflex
remove irritants from nasal cavity

194
Q

larynx anatomy

A

nine pieces of cartilage held by ligaments
single thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis cartilage
paired arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

195
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

shield shape

laterla and anterior walls of larynx

196
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring shape

inferiors to thyroid cartilage

197
Q

epiglottis

A

spoon shaped
inner thyroid cartilage
closes layrngel inlet during swallowing

198
Q

vocal ligaments of larynx

A

avascualr elsatic CT
covered in mucosa to form fold
produce sound when air passes

199
Q

trachea

A

flexible, rigid, tubular
larynx to main bronchi
c-shaped hylain cartilage rings- ensure open

200
Q

carina

A

end of trachea where it splits
sensory receptors
cough reflex

201
Q

trachealis muscle

A

tracheas posterior side
connects c-shaped rings
allows esophagus to expand

202
Q

layer of tracheal wall

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

mucous glands

203
Q

bronchial tree

A

trachea = L and R main bronchi = lobar bronchi = segmental bronchi = bronchioles

204
Q

brnchiole anatomy

A

no cartilage

thick layer of smooth muscle

205
Q

bronchioconstriction

A

less air through bronchial tree

206
Q

bronchodilation

A

more air through bronchial tree

207
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

subdivide to alveolar ducts = alveolar sacs

208
Q

alveoli

A

saccular outpocketings

thin for gas exchange

209
Q

alveolar pores

A

opening providings collateral ventilatiom
pulmonary capillaries
separated by septum
elastic fibers

210
Q

alveolar cells

A

simple squamous

secrete surfactant- prevents alveoli from collapsing

211
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

dust cells

leukocytes engulf microogranism

212
Q

respiratory membrane

A

thin barrier between alveoli and capillaries

alveolar and capillary endothelium with basement membrance

213
Q

lungs

A

either side of mediastinum
conical shape
base-bottom
apex-top

214
Q

hilium

A

bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonmic nerves, lymph vessels pass through
root of the lung

215
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes
larger
2 fissures

216
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes
smaller
1 fissure
cardiac notch

217
Q

bronchiopulmonary segments

A

own pulmonary artery and vein

segement so f each lung that can be removed

218
Q

pleura

A

serous membrance

outer lining of cavity

219
Q

pleural cavity

A

between visceral and parietal membrance

serous fluid inside

220
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

low
expang outward
elastic tissue pulls inward

221
Q

alevolar pressure is ___ than intrapleural pressure, lungs remain ____

A

greater

inflated

222
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of gases between atmosphere and alveoli
inspiration and expiration
autonomic nucei in brainstem
skeletal muscles change thorax volume=pressure change

223
Q

alveolar gas exchange

A

exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

224
Q

gas transport

A

transport of gases in blood between lungs and systemic cells

225
Q

systemic gas exchange

A

exchange of repsiratory gases between the blood and systemic cells

226
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

skeletal muscles of breathing
dimensional changes in thoracic cavity
pressure change from volume change
pressure gradient

227
Q

muscles of quiet breathing

A

diaphragm
intercostal muscles
contract=inspiration
relax=expiration

228
Q

boyles gas law

A

increase volume size = decrease prssure

decrease volume size = increase pressure

229
Q

intrapleural presssure

A

lower than alveolar pressure (lungs inflated)

230
Q

inspiration volume and pressure

A

thoracic volume increase
thoracic pressure decrease
air flows in

231
Q

expiration volume and pressure

A

thoracic volume decreases
thoracic pressure increases
air flows out

232
Q

quiet breathing inspiration

A

alveolr pressure and atm pressure equal
diaphragm and intercostals contract=volume increase
intrapleural pressure less than alveolar pressure
lung volume increase and alveolar pressure decrease

233
Q

quiet breathing expiration

A

alveolar pressure = atm pressure
intrapleural lower
diaphragm and intercostals relax=volume decrease
cavity decrease= intrepleural increases

234
Q

respiratory center of brainstem

A

medullary respiratory center
pontine repsiratory center
influence muscles

235
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

medulla
monitor ph of CSF
CSF ph changes caused by changes in blood PCO2

236
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

aortic and carotif bodies

changes in H+ in blood

237
Q

proprioreceptors

A

muscles and joints stimulated by body movements

238
Q

baroreceptors

A

pleurae and bronchioles respond to stretch

239
Q

irritant receptors

A

air passageway stimulated by particles

240
Q

physiology of inspiration

A

neurons fire
nerve pathways exciting skeletal muscles
diaphragm and intercostals contract

241
Q

physiology of expiration

A

inhibition of neurons
inhibit inspiratory muscles
diaphragm and intercostals relax

242
Q

pontine respiratory center

A

smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration

cause erratic breathing

243
Q

most important stimulus affecting breathing

A

blood PCO2

influence sensitive central chemoreceptors

244
Q

altering breathing through other receptors

A

increase breathing depth
inhalation refelx to shut off inspiration and protect against over inflation
sneeze and cough

245
Q

hypothalamus

A

increase breathing rate if body is warm

246
Q

limbic system

A

alters breathing rate in response to emotions

247
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary changes in breathing patterns

248
Q

airflow depends on

A

pressure gradient
resistance
resistance increase, airflow lessens

249
Q

pressure gradient

A

change by altering volume of throacic cavity

250
Q

resistance altered by

A

change in elasticity
change in bronchiole diameter
collape of alveolie

251
Q

decrease in chest wall elascitiy

A

increase resistance

252
Q

bronchiole diameter varies

A

inversely with resistance
constriction=increase resistance
dialtion=decerase resistance

253
Q

collapse alveolie

A

increase resistance

not producing surfactant

254
Q

conditions that increase resistance to airflow

A

decrease size of bronchiole lumen
decrease compliance
forceful inspirations=more energy

255
Q

alveolar gas exchange

A

pulmonary capillaries and alveoli

256
Q

systemic gas exchange

A

systemic capillaries and systemic cells

257
Q

henrys law

A

at given temp, solubility of gas in liquid dependent upon partial pressure

258
Q

driving force moving gas into liquid

A

partial pressure

259
Q

anatomical features of membrance contributing to efficiency

A

large surface area

minimal thickenss

260
Q

ventilation perfusion coupling

A

ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow

261
Q

most CO2 carried by

A

bicarbonate

262
Q

oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve

A

saturation increases as PO2 increases

263
Q

altitude sickness

A

decrease alveolar PO2 and low oxygen saturation

some o2 released from hemoglobin at systemic capillaries

264
Q

oxygen reserve

A

o2 remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic circulation
additional o2 delivered increases metabolic demands

265
Q

other factors tha influence release o2 from hemoglobin during systemic exchange

A

temperature (lowers)

H+ binding to hemoglobin (decreased affinity)

266
Q

haldance effect

A

conformational change increases amount of CO2 that can bind
decrease o2 affinity for hemoglobin
increase o2 affinity to hemoglobin

267
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathing rate or depth above bodys demand
PO2 rises, PCO2 falls in alveoli
hypocapnia (low CO2)=vasoconstrcition
respiratory alkalosis

268
Q

hypoventilation

A 
breathing to slow or shallow
o2 levels down
co2 levels up in alveoli
inadequate oxygen delivery
H+ ion concentration due to high blood PCO2=acidosis

anatomy (7 decks)

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