final exam Flashcards
How did women’s agency change over the past 30 years?
increased
how did mens communal self views change over the past 30 years?
they didnt change
How have gender stereotypes changed over the past 30 years?
they are the same; just as strong now as they were then
nontraditional subgroups are treated…?
with less warmth and more negatively
how are women in the workforce penalized?
they are not seen as communal/nice enough
19th century psych
looking at parts of the brain to explain women inferiority
20th century psych
debunked women are dumb thing, instead looking at differences between sex and gender, ot good and bad, LGBTQ included, civil rights included
what do researchers rely on thats a big problem
sex typed traits
wage gap persists across all countries? T or F
true as heck
who does the wage gap impact the most
obviously women, but women of ethnic groups (latinos, NA, blacks)
example of matrilineal society:
Tuareg of North Africa
Structural power
controlling how society operates and how resources are distributed
dyadic power
choosing intimate partners relationships and controlling interactions and decisions within the relationship.
which sex has more power
men usually hold more structural power, but women dont actually always hold more dyadic power. men can use their structural power to limit a woman structural power.
cultural ideaologies
sets ofbelifssbout groups that explain and justify unequal social hierarchy
collective action
behavior enacted on behalf a group to improve conditions for the entire group
bigender
shifting between male and female
trigender
shifting among female, male, and third identity
minority stress theory
belonging to a stigmatized group can create unique stressors unique to the minority experience
doing gender
gender as a behavioral process in which gender is repeatedly practiced and negotiated in a particular social interactions and contexts
‘daddy quotas”
swedish; gets dads to take paternity leave by giving dads paid days that are not transferable
how is housework changing?
women are in workforce, less housework is done overall
how is the gender wagde gap coming along?
it is shrinking, but very slowly
how is mens husework changing?
men tend to decline in housework instead of increase
Stalled gender revolution
’60s-‘80s: women get employe, graduated college, and advanced degrees, and started working in more male dominated fields; eventually, women’s work/political successes plateaued
how were men impacted by the stalled gender revolution?
p much nothing changed
how is drinking defined by gender?
60% of men drink, 44% of women drink
How does the aftermath of rape specifically impact African-American women
they report physical aches and pains
who blames who the most for rape?
men lame women more than women blame women
Power Distacne
extent to which a culture has an accepts unequally distributed levels of status and power
who uses verbal aggression the most?
men and women use it equally. Technically women who are older and asked by self reports are higher, but not by much!
Do boys or girls cyberbully more?
prior ot age 11, girls. After age of 11, boys
male or female sexual minorities tend to be targets of more crimes?
male sexual minorities
intimate partner violence
any behavior intended to cause physical harm to a romantic partner
which minority groups experience higher rates of intimate partner violence
native American, Multiracial, and Black women more than Latino, White and Asian women
Which group causes more nonreciprocal violence
70% by women
Situational Couple Violence
heated conflicts lead to outburst of unpredictable violence
Intimate Terrorism
rarer, consistently uses violence and fear to dominate control over partner.
Sexual assault
unwanted sexual contact
Rape
non-consensual penetration of the mouth, vagina, or anus by penis, finger, or object
Polyvictimization
more than one type of aggressive victimization
percentage of assaults that involve alcohol
50%
unacknowledged rape
intoxicated/didnt fight back/dating or married to perpetrator
percentage of women and men who dont consider rape as rape
73% of women and 76% of men
endorses unacknowledged rape
rape myths
background of people that are more likely to perpetrate intimate partner violence
experience childhood abuse and witness domestic violence; men who abuse alchohol AND have sexist attitudes about women; people with difficulty regualating emotions.
Evolutionary explanation for guys being more violent
paternal uncertianity makes guys more jealous, and it makes them aggressive.
Mate retention tactics
using violence for control over partner
- Which is not true about the effects of parenthood on relationships?
A) parenthood is associated with lower relationship satisfaction
B) mothers experience postpartum depression at higher rates than fathers
C) fathers generally suffer larger declines in happiness than mothers do
D) the negative impact of parenthood on relationship satisfaction has increased over time
C) fathers generally suffer larger declines in happiness than mothers do
- Studies show that when husbands depend financially on their wives:
A) they are more willing to do housework
B) they are less willing to do housework
C) there is no correlation with willingness to do housework
B) they are less willing to do housework
- This theory proposes that belonging to a stigmatized group can create stressors unique to the minority experience:
A) minority stress theory
B) double jeopardy hypothesis
C) intersectionality theory
D) internalized discrimination
A) minority stress theory
- What was the outcome of Frederickson et. al.’s swimsuit study on self-objectification?
A) women in sweaters reported less body shame and consumed fewer cookies
B) women in swimsuits reported more body shame and consumed more cookies
C) women in swimsuits reported more body shame and consumed fewer cookies
D) there was no difference between the women who wore swimsuits and those who wore sweaters
C) women in swimsuits reported more body shame and consumed fewer cookies
- The Nordic Paradox offers support for which explanation for partner violence?
A) status incongruity hypothesis
B) socioeconomic dependence perspective
C) male discrepancy perspective
D) status inconsistency perspective
D) status inconsistency perspective
- What does internalized homophobia NOT predict?
a. depression
b. substance abuse
c. suicide among transgender adults
d. anxiety
c. suicide among transgender adults
- Which one is NOT involved in an honor killing?
a. seeking divorce
b. forceful marriage
c. being raped
d. refusing an arranged marriage
b. forceful marriage
- Which one is least frequent to happen?
a. sexual coercion
b. unwanted sexual attention
c. gender harrassment
a. sexual coercion
- Which is NOT an internalizing disorder?
a. interpersonal manipulation
b. anxiety
c. cutting oneself
d. low self-esteem
a. interpersonal manipulation
Ch. 10:
- Which of the following is true about modern marriages?
A. The number of people getting married is steadily increasing.
B. On average, the age at which people are getting married is decreasing.
C. The number of marriages is going down.
D. You can not marry someone of your same sex in the United States.
C. The number of marriages is going down.
- Leading by actively mentoring, inspiring trust and encouraging others to develop their full potential, is an application of which type of leadership?
A. Laissez-faire
B. Transformational
C. Authoritarian
D. Transformational
B. Transformational
- In what ways does minority stress theory impact health?
A. Increases reliance on unhealthy coping behaviors and over-burdens the body’s stress response and immune systems.
B. Causes a sense of peace and calmness.
C. It increases the life-span of minorities.
D. Encourages people to rely on positive coping behaviors and adopt healthy lifestyle habits.
A. Increases reliance on unhealthy coping behaviors and over-burdens the body’s stress response and immune systems.
- In a replication of the swimsuit study, the researchers came to the conclusion that the root of body image problems may not be objectification alone, but objectification by the ________.
A. Female Gaze
B. Cookies
C. Male Gaze
D. Swimsuit
C. Male Gaze
- What are acts intended to harm another person’s social relationships/status?
A. Indirect (relational) aggression
B. Sexual aggression
C. Hostile aggression
D. Direct aggression
A. Indirect (relational) aggression
- (Chapter 10): Which of these trends regarding divorce is true?
A. Roughly 40% of marriages end in divorce.
B. Men are more likely to initiate divorce than women.
C. Women blame divorce on lack of joint activities with their husbands.
A. Roughly 40% of marriages end in divorce.
- (Chapter 11): The bias that refers to women having to compete for positions and rewards at work is known as:
A. Prove it again bias
B. Tightrope bias
C. Tug of war bias
C. Tug of war bias
- (Chapter 12): Which trend regarding healthcare is true?
A. Men are more likely to make follow-up appointments with their doctors.
B. People in minority groups have been shown to be better at keeping up with check-ups than people in non-minority groups.
C. Women are more likely to seek preventative health screenings.
C. Women are more likely to seek preventative health screenings.
- (Chapter 13): Which is not true about personality in terms of gender?
A. Males respond to stress with more nervous system activity.
B. Increased levels of testosterone in utero can predict a lower prefrontal cortex volume, which can lead to externalizing disorders.
C. Women are more likely to ruminate when they are distressed.
A. Males respond to stress with more nervous system activity.
- (Chapter 14): In the I3 theory, which factor refers to forces that increase the likelihood of aggression?
A. Initiation
B. Impellance
C. Inhibition
B. Impellance
What is the age range for young men syndrome?
a) 15-18
b) 18-25
c) 25-30
b) 18-25
A woman was removed from her friendship group due to a negative rumor. What type of aggression is this?
a) Indirect aggression
b) Direct aggression
c) Both a and b
a) Indirect aggression
Which minority group is able to have high health outcomes even when in lower socioeconomic status?
a) African American
b) Asian American
c) Latin American
c) Latin American
Which gender is more likely to be in poverty?
a) Female
b) Male
c) Both
female
What is a food desert?
a) An area with a plentiful amount of healthy food available.
b) An area with little to no healthy food available.
c) An area with an adequate amount of healthy food available.
b) An area with little to no healthy food available.
Ch10.) People with large social networks had a longer life expectancy EXCEPT when _____ was controlled for.
a. initial health status
b. smoking
c. exercise
d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Ch12.) A combination of at least _____ drugs are used during HAART’s to suppress HIV.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7
3
Ch13.) According to the gender paradox of suicide, Suzie (a female) is LEAST likely to…
a. commit a successful suicide.
b. unsuccessfully commit suicide.
c. engage in suicidal ideation.
d. engage in non-suicidal self-injury.
a. commit a successful suicide.
Ch14.) Which person is most likely to experience forms of aggression.
a. A White Man
b. A Black Woman
c. A Black Man
d. A Hispanic Woman
c. A Black Man
1) Which perspective supports the idea that men and women form similarly intimate friendships in different ways, with men using more comradeships?
A)Passionate friendships
B)Homosocial
C)Demand-Withdraw
D)Attachment
B)Homosocial
2) What percentage of women around the world are CEOs?
A) 4.5%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 13.5%
A) 4.5%
3) Which of the following habits do men demonstrate that is healthier compared to women:
A) exercise
B) diet
C) alcohol consumption
D) risky activities
A) exercise
4) What were the results of Anne Becker and her colleagues’ study of the effect of Westen media on women in Fiji?
A) Women in Fiji faced higher rates of gender violence
B) After the introduction of American television shows, women showed increased rates of eating disorders symptoms
C) British movies shown in Fiji were correlated with lower rates of objectification
D) After reading American fashion magazines, women in Fiji self-reports of body image were more negative
B) After the introduction of American television shows, women showed increased rates of eating disorders symptoms
5) Countries in collectivism, or power distance, show levels of sex-based harassment
A) high, high
B) high, low
C) low, high
D) low, low
A) high, high
Larger social networks best predicts
A. Having a large variety of friends
B. Positive psychological and physical health outcomes
C. Higher life expectancy
D. The satiation of one’s need to belong
B. Positive psychological and physical health outcomes
When women make the same or more than their husbands, what happens?
A. They both contribute equally to housework
B. Husbands increase the amount of housework they do by 5-6 hours
C. Women increase the amount of housework they do by 5-6 hours
D. They both decrease the amount of housework they do
C. Women increase the amount of housework they do by 5-6 hours
Women expressing reluctance to give up household and childcare work to men is called the
A. Gender role ideology
B. Maternal Wall
C. Occupational masculinization
D. Maternal Gatekeeping
D. Maternal Gatekeeping
When the income of a country increases what is most likely to occur
A. More gender egalitarian laws will be passed.
B. The level of inactivity will increase
C. Healthcare access to unrepresented groups will be universal
D. Nothing will change
B. The level of inactivity will increase
According to Bouris et al. (2010) LGB young adults who report more paternal support are less likely to
A. Face self-directed anti-gay attitudes
B. Experience victimization and bullying
C. Display lower rates of depression and psychological distress
D. Experience large amounts of dysphoria
C. Display lower rates of depression and psychological distress
- Which of the following is one of the main purposes of marriage?
a) to expand family networks
b) to build community
c) to merge resources
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
- Which of the following is a result of meeting the need to belong?
a) disease vulnerability
b) life satisfaction
c) depression and mental illness
d) criminality
b) life satisfaction
- At what age do sex differences in network size tend to disappear?
a) adolescence
b) childhood
c) adulthood
d) old age
a) adolescence
- Women’s same-sex friendships, as compared to men, tend to have higher levels of all but…
a) shared emotions
b) personal disclosure
c) shared activities
d) social support
c) shared activities
- Which is not a reason that males have less intimate same-sex friendships than women?
a) encouraged emotional restraint
b) violation of gender role norm
c) homophobia
d) preference of solitude
d) preference of solitude
dowry deaths
bride is murdered bc her bio family doesnt give her married family a large enough money for her
male discrepancy stress:
anxiety about not being masculine enough
socio economic dependence perspective
when men have more resources than women, and use it as intimidation against women
status-inconsistency hypothesis:
when females have more money, it makes men feel emasculated
nordic paradox
blacklash against women having equal rights; women are abused at . higher rate than compared ot other countries
female genital mutilation
harming of girls downtown for cultural reasons
child marriges are more common in….
SE asia, Africa, Latin America
I3
examines violence through self regulation, not tied to gender. Three parts
Three parts of I3
Instigation, Impellance, and inhibition
instigation
provocations by partner
impellance
dispositional or situational forces that increases the likelihood of aggression
inhibition
forces that decrease aggressive actions
agressive porn % (violent and verbal aggression)
88% violent
49% verbal aggression
Sexual callousness model
repeated exposure to porn can desensitize viewers leading to callous attitudes about sex–females acting positively to abuse in porn is v bad for rape
Percentage of people who have accidental pop-up porn
42%
federal sex-based harassment types
quid pro quo and hostile environment
hostile environment
equal status people using negative speech
Rape reportings stats
trans kids more than the regualr average, still underreported
direct aggression
overt verbal or physical behavior aimed directly at another
indirect/relational aggression
acts intended to harm another social relationships or status
violence
severe forms of physical agression (homicide) that have extreme harm as their goal
men are responsible for what % of violent crimes?
roughly 80%
what kinda women are helping growth of female incarceration
white women
female inmates are more likely to have what kinda background ?
physical and sexual abuse , mental illness, substance abuses, economic marginalization
fem of poverty
key factor in women disproportionately experiencing crime rates around the world
what is the effect size for boys and men being ore psychically aggressive than gorls (insert gru meme later) and women
large
Lightdale and Prentice
study that tested aggression conforming to gedner roles . had girls and guys play video games. identity was highlighted, and then controlled by ot being highlighted, and gender stereotypes were evaluated. Men tended to drop more bombs than women in the highlighted group
Young Male Avatar Syndrome
both men and women are assigned sex specific avatars, and they were more aggressive as avatar men, regardless of actual real life sex .
whats the sex difference in expression of anger ?
TRICK BITCH its none. there is no statistical difference in expression of aggression in gender
expansion theory
women are restricted to a smaller number of roles and are more depressed, and men are not so they are less depressed.
how has life expectancy changed over the past century?
Its nearly doubled
what is the fluctuating longevity gap, and what are the theories about why it exists?
females outlive males, cross culturally. its assumed bc men have higher rates of smoking hella.
what theory supports the idea that groups that face discrimination dont live as long as dominate groups?
minority stress theory : physical and mental health can be compromised bc of unique stressors
1) What is NOT true about rape in Western cultures?
a) largest percentage of rapists are white
b) weapons are used about half of the time
c) rapists are over the age of 30 about half of the time
d) males are most likely to commit both rape of females and males
weapons are used about half of the time
2) what are NOT predictors for men being violent towards women (sexually and non sexually?)
a) inconsistent bodily supply of testosterone
b) sexist attitudes towards women
c) preference for impersonal sex
d) those who are abused as children
a) inconsistent bodily supply of testosterone
morbidity-mortality paradox:
women have higher rates of morbidity, but lower rates of mortality
theories about why women don’t die but have bad diseases
may have better immune system, but they are caretakers, which takes away from self care
telomeres
DNA that end the chromosome strands that predict genetic data and allow for cells to divide
% of black versus white homicide victims
45% black, 31% white
how many years do white men live more than black men
four
what the fuck is up with C sections
they’re increasing, especially in wealthier areas.
callous traits are underlying facotrs for what kinda disorder/
antisocial
biological explination for men having more externalizing disorders
so stuff happens in the pre frontal cortex during prenatal baby times and women may have a form of protection… v unsure science… women have better amounts of dopamine, which allows them to better regulate their impulsivity.
possible reason women are diagnoes w internalizing more
most likely under-diagnosed in guys because of the way we are as a society (gender roles, boys cant dare be emotional)
objectification theory
being raised within sociocultural contexts that objectify womens bodies that has consequences to female health
who is most impacted by the thin ideal internalization ?
white women
trans diagnostic approach
psych disorders are diffrenrent manifestations of a few, core, underlying traits
gender intensification hypothesis
pressure to adopt sex-type traits and behavior during adolescent
Strong Black Woman Schema
black women are strong and self reliant, and dont need help
Subjective Well Being
short and long term positive emotions –sex and gender doesnt seem to have a role in happiness
chosen families
family circles that stand in for biological families that consist of people who understand LGBT struggles
passionate friendships
high levels of affection and v emotional, often become sexual
parental investment theory
evolutionary theory that males rate looks very high on what theyre looking for in a partner because if a woman looks good they are healthy. Women want a wealthy man to take care of her during time off in pregnancy, and to take care of kid.
speed dating experiemtn showed that
people look for attractive, financially stable peeps
partner homogamy
people bond and mate with people that are more similar to them
dating scripts
how men and women should act on dates
demand-withdraw pattern
one partner makes a demanding critical remark and the other person withdraws emotionally or physically
waht do men and women report as reasons for divorce?
women: bad communication
Men: decline in joint activities
what two traits do parents need to express to kid?
sensitivity and consistency
polygyny
husband and multiple wives
polyandry
wife and multiple husbands
polyamory
all parties agree and is consensual
Gottman
the magic man who can predict success or divorce by how husbands react to demand withdraw pattern
