Exam 2 (5,6,8,9) Flashcards
Status incongruity hypothesis
Assumption that gender role violating women are viewed negatively because they are seen as too dominant, while gender role violating men are viewed negatively because they are seen as too low in status. These perceptions violate the gender status hierarchy, and make people uncomfortable.
Status incongruity hypothesis effects from people being uncomfortable
women/men are ridiculed, discriminated against
Self-fulfilling prophecy:
Interpersonal process in which a perceiver’s expectation about a target influences the target’s behavior in such a manner that the target’s behavior fulfills the perceiver’s expectation.
Same sex sexual behavior measured by how many species and primates
450 species; 33 primates
Sexual Orientation change efforts is a name for what now
conversion therapy
Pederastic relationship
ancient greek gayish sugar daddies n sugar babies
Sambia people of Papua New Guinea do what to become men?
Ingest semen of older male
Internalized homophobia
LGB peeps internalize negative messages from a larger culture
common tern for sexual desire
lust
sexual desire physiological responses
heightened physiological arousal thats regulated by gonadal hormone and neurotransmitters
term for love
attachment
Early stages of love name
passionate love
passionate love
arousal, urgent longing, obsessive thinking
hormones of passionate love
elevated dopamine and norepinephrine
later stages of love name
companionate love
companionate love
calm, warm, emotionally close feelings of intimacy
pair bonding system:
motivated co-parenting
Sexual double standards
young women gotta wait till marriage to fuck but guys are encouraged to in order to be considered a man
Scale of sexualities
Hetero/gay/bi-hetero/bi-bi/bi-gay
Phase models
identity development is character by emotional, psych, social, and behavior phase
Unexplored commitment
lack of conscious thought about whether to adapt a hetero identity
exploration phase
some sexual minorities explore same sex attractions
identity uncertainty
orientation is unclear, possibly from self denial
milestone models
milestones experienced by most sexual minority individuals
Alfred Kinsey
made a scale of sexuality, (Kinsey Scale) not on a scale (ace, aro, pan, poly)
Dodd (yearbook)
looked a yearbook photos and said that around 4th grade girls out smiled boys
Tsai (leader pics)
compared pics of leaders of countries and saw that countries w focus on cultural
Tsai
Leaders of countries w cultural focus on emotional expression, show less smiles in pics
Visual Dominance
looking more at a person while speaking to them and looking away while being spoken to
How do communal vs agentic traits account for person space
Higher agentic traits call for more personal space
which group of people have the most observed space?
men with other men bc no homo
who touches who more?
women touch other women the most, they are seen as more affectionate
How do relationships account for touch?
When not in relationships, men touch women more
While in relationships, women touch men more
Who is seen as more verbally and non verbally expressive
Women
How does touch impact sports?
Sports teams that have physical touch tend to have better scores
Why do teams that embrace each other have better scores?
Affirmative touch
Affirmative touch
releases oxytocin (bonding and coordination)
in what cultural examples do men touch
latin men kiss on cheek, SE Asia men hold hands as pals
Power pose
Dominate pose that can give feelings of confidence
what kind of pose do women typically have
restrictive pose
Vacharkulksemsuk: (posture)
They observed speed dating and looked at body postures; found out that expansive body postures are seen as more attractive (than smiling or laughing) for either sex.
Van Loo lamp; Rydell (video of dominance)
Showed a video of either men or women in a dominate posture, and the had men and women take an exam.
Men were unaffected by the sex of the dominate person;
Women did worse w a male dominated video and better w a women dominated video
Point light display
computer generated joint thingy
How do we use point light displays?
To show movements without revealing sex; showed that people can distinguish a man or woman by how their joints move when they walk ;
also can do a good job guessing sexual orientation if sex is already known
How do the sizes in sex differences vary from verbal to non verbal communication
Nonverbal sex differences are larger
Nancy Henley
Said that Sex differences in communication result from power and status differences
Does empirical evidence support henley? Why or why not?
No; she claims that the high and lows of status and race (confound variables) wouldn’t matter but bet bc they do.
Display rules
when it is socially appropriate to show certain emotions in certain situations
Elfenbein & Ambady (recognizing emotion)
Meta analysis showing people recognize anger and happiness better than any other basic emotion
also detect it best with their own ingroups
Merten (2005) (sex diff emotion recognition)
Cross-culturally, women recognize basic emotions better than men
-these sex different were GREATER in countries w better eco+political equality
What was the main theory behind Merten’s theory (detecting emotions sex diff)
-this shows that there must be a “detecting emotions” gene(s), and its universally expressed and has adaptation to culture
main girl emotions expressed
warmth/ vulnerability
Boy emotions expressed
Pride and anger
How are the main girl and boy emotions recorded ?
Self-reporting, which doesn’t always prove true in observation! Peeps may be influenced by gender stereotypes
Brody (emotional sex differences)
Says that emotional sex differences result from a combo of biological and sociocultural
-sociocultural plays the primary role
How does Brody’s theory apply to boys n girls emotional development
- boys learn to suppress emotions due to high arousal in youth
- girls learn to express due to gender roles
How do girls and boys tend to show/suppress emotion
Girls: Have other-oriented positive emotions, and suppress negative emotions
Boys: Show more out-ward focused emotions (anger) than girls
Both have a very small difference! Were more alike than different
Simpson and Stroh: (managers)
Women managers suppress anger and show positive emotions, while men managers show their anger.
How do display rules impact gender roles?
Women touch each other and men dont, and thats socially appropriate; touching softly is a low power emotion
How does mens touching seem impacted by progression to egalitarianism
ok so when were more equal dudes touch less bc they want to remain dominate
Emotional Contagion
can be subconscious, like smiling when your taking a picture of people and you smile back at them.
Attributional Ambiguity:
Difficulty attributing negative treatment to sexism
Hostile Sexism tends to be confronted more why
Combated more because women can get angry about it – not attributional ambiguity
Pluralistic ignorance:
when a person feels that they are the only one who is offended and wont speak up about it because the feel alone about their feelings
Diffusion of responsibility
Feeling like its not MY responsibility to fight this/make the whole word better
What intersectional group tends to have their competence questioned the most ?
Black women
Intersection invisibility hypothesis
Intersectional people are ignored or disregarded
Finkle and Eastwick (speed dating)
Randomly assigned both makes and females as rotators or sitters for a speed dating
Men who were rotators were more attracted to the women than the women were the men
Women who were rotators were equally attracted to men as men were with women
Orgasm gap
Women orgasm less often than men
Which group of partners caused one person to orgasm the least
Wen having sex w straight men
Sexual fluidity
Changing how one identifies their sexual orientation in a ten year period
Who is more likely to be sexually fluid?
Women!
Why are women more likely to be sexually fluid
Women can be stimulated by men or women more often than men can, also there’s a theory saying that women have less power so they have had to adapt bc sometimes they can’t chose their partners the way men can
Who peaks first ?
Possibly me , but it’s not by such a large gap as we originally thought. Possibly by five years or less :)
What are two examples of the medicalization of sexuality
Meds for erectile dysfunction and menopause
Direction accuracy
The direction of a sex difference
Discrepancy accuracy
Specific size and direction of a sex difference
Rank order accuracy
Relative sizes of sex differences across different domain
Are stereotypes across cultures individual to each culture?
Sometimes, but they are usually fairly cross cultural
How do different cultures categorize valued traits?
They give valued traits to high status people
Mallet, ford and Woodzicka (online chats)
Experimenters chatted online w people and made discriminatory remarks to women about women
When experimented made jokes, they were rated as less sexist than when experimenter was serious
Humor makes discrimination easier to handle
How are people who confront sexism perceived?
Negatively!
Colder, less liked
What do women think of people who confront sexism
Women typically appreciate other women who confront sexism
Collective action
Behavior enacted on behalf of a group w the goal of improving conditions for the group
Steps leading to collective actions
The group being discriminated against has to be recognized in he community as having a disadvantage
It must create anger on part of the group that also extends the group
What does benevolent sexism and hostile have to do with motivation to fight sexism ?
It reduces women’s motivation to fight sexism, while hostile sexism increases it
Becker and Swim (sexist events recorded)
Asked participants to record the number of sexist events they observed in a week, and also have a control group, then asked both groups to donate to an anti sexism fund.
People who were aware of sexism in life chose to donate over those who didn’t
Wha does Becker and swims experiment show ? (sexist events recorded)
Focused attention to sexism increased awareness of unfair consequences and motivated people to take action against it.
Can discrimination be put on a domaine group
Duh
Micro aggressions
Subtle discrimination ; common, everyday things that are verbal or behavioral
you
Example of a micro aggression
Mansplaining
Confusing a doctor w a nurse because the doctor is a woman
Are micro aggressions meant to demean a person?
Nah it’s not meant to harm despite the word aggression
Global Gender Gap Index does what now
Attempts to capture the degree of equality in countries
What are impacts of educating girls?
Delays marriage and children; and improves the health outcomes of both he mother n child
How does equality impact the GDP
GDP rises 3% for every 10% of girls that are educated
Are women represented in govt equally
Lmao no
22% total representation
Less likely to be the head of state
Affirmative Action Laws Title 7
Must hire minorities at equal rates of counterparts
What issues do people have with affirmative action ?
Meritocracy
Meritocracy
People should be hired due to merit, not bc of race hiring quotas
Woodzika and Lafrance 2001 (confronting sexism)
Asked women if they’d confront sexism—28% of women said they would.
When put in sexists situations, women didn’t confront it.
Attributional ambiguity
People wanting to attribute discrimination to things besides sexism
Crosby n Clayton (recognizing sexism)
People tend to notice summarized/aggregated sexism more than individual/piecemeal sexism
Heterosexual intimacy
Women just can’t be without men and men just can’t be without women
The only way to live a happy life is to be straight n get married to another straight
Social dominance orientation
Brief system —people believe that inequality is okay just because some groups truly are better than each other
System justification theory
When we think the world is undesirable, it’s uncomfortable! This feeling of uncomfortable-ness makes people stand up to injustice
Are sex differences in language grammar or content based?
More grammar than content
Whorfian hypothesis//linguistic relativity hypothesis
People of different languages my perceive the world differently because of this difference in vocabulary and connotation
Can people tell the difference between writing samples and sex?
No not really. Computers can but humans r dumb
Generic masculine
Using make gendered terms to refer to mix-sexed groups (or all girl groups)
What’s the issue w the generic masculine
It renders gals as invisible and is also unclear/confusing
Stout and Dasgupta (interview words)
People in job interviews either heard generic masculine in interview or gender neutral terms, and women had better interviews when the gender neutral was used, and men were unaffected.
Grammatical gender
Nations w languages that are gendered (Spanish) have lower levels of gender equality
How does passive or active voice affect tone?
Passive voice assigns more blame to victims (used in articles to blame women for rape, etc)
How can language improve equality
Giving terms to experience can help define what bad things are going on, and then give power to fight it.
IE Gloria Steinbeck on “marital rape” just being “marital sex”, or a part of life
Holleran (everybody talks)
Experiment showed that both men and women spoke the SAME amount, despite women being perceived as speaking more.
Different cultures approach
View differences as the norm, and male and female miscommunication as inevitable.
What’s the main idea supporting different cultures approach
Boys n girls are socialized differently and their communication skills don’t overlap— boys are from Jupiter girls are from Venus
Zimmerman and West (interruptions)
Interruptions are mainly men!!!
Men could possibly use language to domainte (sub or con)
Why is gossip important ?
It is imprint for social norms bc it shows who likes who, allows for alliances to form and bonding from trust to take place
Can be used as relational aggression
Relational aggression
Subtle form of aggression that is meant to harm another person. Used mostly by women to gain power when other ways are blocked (ie blocked by men)
Schwartz (clouds)
Sex differentiated word clouds for marketing FB posts and shit like that. Men swear more. Women use emotional words more. Men use possessives. Men talk about objects more.
Code switching
Strategically switching back n forth between languages and cultural meanings.
Fakaleit
Tonga natives that are assigned male at both but assume feminine roles
Biological theory of sexual orientation
fetal exposure to sex hormones, birth order ;
the time point, the genetics without the why
evolutionary theory
alliance formation hypo, kin selection, fecundity hypo, tipping point theory
adaptation to be attracted to the same sex; all about reproduction AND survival; about the genetics and the why
Alliance formation hypo
same sex sexual activity makes better bonds; includes reciprocal altruism (we got each others backs), which leads to increased survival.
Kin selection/ gay uncle hypo
might be more beneficial to pass on the family genes if theres someone who int into reproduction, but into spending time helping nieces and nephews grow–which still passes on family genes
Example of the kin selection
fa’afafine somoa. they’re transgender, but they don’t have a word for that.
birth order effect
the more male older brothers you have, the higher the chance that a lil boy is gay.
Fecundity hypothesis
Siblings of gay peeps produce a higher rate than if they had straight siblings. They make up for the gays not having kids.
Tipping point theory
Group of genes that code for same-sex sexuality in men which include communal traits
Communal traits are desirable for women
Some men only get some of the characteristics
but when a man has too many communal traits, they are genes for the gay.
Biobehavioral on sexual orientation
integrative view, link between love n desire are bidirectional
explains new sexual attractions from spending time w people; feelings of deep friendships can turn to passionate love
Terri Conley (disproves what now?)
(Table 9.4) sex specific preferences for long term mates (evolutionary idea); she has research that disproves this evolutionary claim;;; sex preferences disappear if they’re asked about practical partners instead of ideal partner.
do physiological differences for males and females distinguish how sex feels?
Nah, sex feels very similar to females and males
Orgasm gap
men (gay n straight), and lesbians get hella orgasms
Do genes play a role in women’s orgasms?
31% of population variance but women can masturbate fine, and it decreases for long relationships, and smaller differences in lesbian relationships.
so not really genetics, more social
Why do straight women orgasms less?
women have their own performance anxiety,
less likely to ask for oral sex in hookups,
sexual scripts,
women are bad at communicating sexual needs w partners,
lack of sex education about own body,
genetics.
Is there evidence for Sexual Fluidity?
yeah, 7.4 are more same sex, 4.4 are less same sex, but 88.2 are same . so not a bunch of people but a good amount.
who reacts to same and different gendered sexual stimuli more?
women show more responses to both male and female sexual stimuli
how does women’s sex drive influence attraction
women with a higher sex drive report being attracted to both men and women more so than lower sex drive women
is there biological evidence for sexual trajectory differences ?
not really. no hormones peaking at a younger age for sex drive, not that women’s hormones that follow different trajectories, BUT men self report being horny at a younger age than women do.
Issues w research of sexual trajectories
- mainly western
- self reports suck balls
- no bio or behavioral evidence
Generalization
Tendency to assume that a new member of a category has the same qualities as other category members.
Stereotype content model
Theory proposing that stereotypes about social groups fall along communion and agency dimensions, and that groups may be seen as high or low on both dimensions.
Gender Prescriptions
Traits that women and men should have.
Gender Proscriptions
Traits that women and men should not have.
Social roles theory
Theory that gender stereotypes stem from people’s observations of the social and occupational roles that women and men typically perform.
def for the big five
Five trait dimensions that many researchers agree capture most of the important variance in personality (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience).
what are the big five
Openness to experience Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Generic beliefs
Beliefs about categories as wholes, without reference to numbers or proportions.
Individualistic cultures
Cultures (often found in Western Europe and North America) that value independence and self-reliance and prioritize individual goals and needs over group goals and needs.
Collectivist cultures
Cultures (often found in East Asia, Africa, and the Middle East) that value fitting in and group solidarity and prioritize group goals and needs over individual goals and needs.
Matrilocal society
A society in which husbands typically live near their wives’ families. Conversely, a patrilocal society is one inwhich wives typically live near their husbands’ families.
Structural power
The power to shape societies and social systems.
Dyadic power
The power to choose intimate partners and relationships, and to control the interactions and decisions that occur within those relationships
Cultural Ideologies
Overarching sets of beliefs and assumptions about groups that justify unequal social hierarchies.
Androcentric
A cultural ideology that defines men and their experiences as universal, and treats women and their experiences as deviations from the male norm.
Ambivalent sexism theory:
Theory proposing that gender relations are characterized by both negative (hostile sexism) and positive (benevolent sexism) attitudes toward women.
Modern Sexism
Socially acceptable form of sexism consisting of a denial that women continue to face gender discrimination, coupled with resentment toward women who seek social change.
Diminutive
A form of a word used to indicate a smaller, less powerful, or more familiar version (e.g., booklet, duckling, mommy, daddy).
Teddy Bear effect
Tendency for baby-faced (physically non-threatening) Black men to have an advantage in seeking high-status positions because they do not activate people’s stereotypes about Black men as aggressive.
Encoding accuracy
The ability to communicate nonverbally in a clear manner that others can interpret correctly.
Decoding accuracy
: The ability to read the nonverbal communications of others correctly.
Mirror Neurons
Neurons that fire both when performing an action and when observing another individual perform the action.
brain imaging technique that reads electrical activity in the brain with the use of sensors on the scalp.
EEG
A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity.
fMRI
Sexual Orientation
n enduring pattern of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral tendencies that regulates the experience, conduct, and expression of sexuality
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that is associated with feelings of reward and positive arousal.
Norepinephrine
A neuropeptide that is associated with sympathetic arousal and the “fight-or-flight” response.
Narrative
Approach that broadly considers how multiple sources of oppression and pride interact to shape identity within specific contexts.
Fraternal birth order effect
Positive correlation between the number of older brothers a man has and his likelihood of identifying as gay.
Alliance formation hypo
he hypothesis that same-sex behavior is adaptive because it promotes emotional bonds and facilitates survival and resource sharing.
Kin Selection
Helping behavior that is costly to the helper in the short-term, but beneficial in the long-term, because it increases the survival likelihood of the helper’s genetic relatives.
Fecundity Hypo
he hypothesis that genes for same-sex sexuality get passed on because the female relatives of gay men produce many offspring.
Tipping point theory
Theory that genes for same-sex sexuality get passed on because the same-sex relatives of gay and lesbian people have personalities that make them especially likely to engage in reproductive sex.
Biobehavioral model
Model that proposes that the links between romantic love and sexual desire are bidirectional, and that prolonged proximity and touch in sex-segregated environments can lead people to develop novel sexual attractions.
