Exam 2 (5,6,8,9) Flashcards
1
Q
Status incongruity hypothesis
A
Assumption that gender role violating women are viewed negatively because they are seen as too dominant, while gender role violating men are viewed negatively because they are seen as too low in status. These perceptions violate the gender status hierarchy, and make people uncomfortable.
2
Q
Status incongruity hypothesis effects from people being uncomfortable
A
women/men are ridiculed, discriminated against
3
Q
Self-fulfilling prophecy:
A
Interpersonal process in which a perceiver’s expectation about a target influences the target’s behavior in such a manner that the target’s behavior fulfills the perceiver’s expectation.
4
Q
Same sex sexual behavior measured by how many species and primates
A
450 species; 33 primates
5
Q
Sexual Orientation change efforts is a name for what now
A
conversion therapy
6
Q
Pederastic relationship
A
ancient greek gayish sugar daddies n sugar babies
7
Q
Sambia people of Papua New Guinea do what to become men?
A
Ingest semen of older male
8
Q
Internalized homophobia
A
LGB peeps internalize negative messages from a larger culture
9
Q
common tern for sexual desire
A
lust
10
Q
sexual desire physiological responses
A
heightened physiological arousal thats regulated by gonadal hormone and neurotransmitters
11
Q
term for love
A
attachment
12
Q
Early stages of love name
A
passionate love
13
Q
passionate love
A
arousal, urgent longing, obsessive thinking
14
Q
hormones of passionate love
A
elevated dopamine and norepinephrine
15
Q
later stages of love name
A
companionate love
16
Q
companionate love
A
calm, warm, emotionally close feelings of intimacy
17
Q
pair bonding system:
A
motivated co-parenting
18
Q
Sexual double standards
A
young women gotta wait till marriage to fuck but guys are encouraged to in order to be considered a man
19
Q
Scale of sexualities
A
Hetero/gay/bi-hetero/bi-bi/bi-gay
20
Q
Phase models
A
identity development is character by emotional, psych, social, and behavior phase
21
Q
Unexplored commitment
A
lack of conscious thought about whether to adapt a hetero identity
22
Q
exploration phase
A
some sexual minorities explore same sex attractions
23
Q
identity uncertainty
A
orientation is unclear, possibly from self denial
24
Q
milestone models
A
milestones experienced by most sexual minority individuals
25
Alfred Kinsey
made a scale of sexuality, (Kinsey Scale) not on a scale (ace, aro, pan, poly)
26
Dodd (yearbook)
looked a yearbook photos and said that around 4th grade girls out smiled boys
27
Tsai (leader pics)
compared pics of leaders of countries and saw that countries w focus on cultural
28
Tsai
Leaders of countries w cultural focus on emotional expression, show less smiles in pics
29
Visual Dominance
looking more at a person while speaking to them and looking away while being spoken to
30
How do communal vs agentic traits account for person space
Higher agentic traits call for more personal space
31
which group of people have the most observed space?
men with other men bc no homo
32
who touches who more?
women touch other women the most, they are seen as more affectionate
33
How do relationships account for touch?
When not in relationships, men touch women more
| While in relationships, women touch men more
34
Who is seen as more verbally and non verbally expressive
Women
35
How does touch impact sports?
Sports teams that have physical touch tend to have better scores
36
Why do teams that embrace each other have better scores?
Affirmative touch
37
Affirmative touch
releases oxytocin (bonding and coordination)
38
in what cultural examples do men touch
latin men kiss on cheek, SE Asia men hold hands as pals
39
Power pose
Dominate pose that can give feelings of confidence
40
what kind of pose do women typically have
restrictive pose
41
Vacharkulksemsuk: (posture)
They observed speed dating and looked at body postures; found out that expansive body postures are seen as more attractive (than smiling or laughing) for either sex.
42
Van Loo lamp; Rydell (video of dominance)
Showed a video of either men or women in a dominate posture, and the had men and women take an exam.
Men were unaffected by the sex of the dominate person;
Women did worse w a male dominated video and better w a women dominated video
43
Point light display
computer generated joint thingy
44
How do we use point light displays?
To show movements without revealing sex; showed that people can distinguish a man or woman by how their joints move when they walk ;
also can do a good job guessing sexual orientation if sex is already known
45
How do the sizes in sex differences vary from verbal to non verbal communication
Nonverbal sex differences are larger
46
Nancy Henley
Said that Sex differences in communication result from power and status differences
47
Does empirical evidence support henley? Why or why not?
No; she claims that the high and lows of status and race (confound variables) wouldn't matter but bet bc they do.
48
Display rules
when it is socially appropriate to show certain emotions in certain situations
49
Elfenbein & Ambady (recognizing emotion)
Meta analysis showing people recognize anger and happiness better than any other basic emotion
also detect it best with their own ingroups
50
Merten (2005) (sex diff emotion recognition)
Cross-culturally, women recognize basic emotions better than men
-these sex different were GREATER in countries w better eco+political equality
51
What was the main theory behind Merten's theory (detecting emotions sex diff)
-this shows that there must be a "detecting emotions" gene(s), and its universally expressed and has adaptation to culture
52
main girl emotions expressed
warmth/ vulnerability
53
Boy emotions expressed
Pride and anger
54
How are the main girl and boy emotions recorded ?
Self-reporting, which doesn't always prove true in observation! Peeps may be influenced by gender stereotypes
55
Brody (emotional sex differences)
Says that emotional sex differences result from a combo of biological and sociocultural
-sociocultural plays the primary role
56
How does Brody's theory apply to boys n girls emotional development
- boys learn to suppress emotions due to high arousal in youth
- girls learn to express due to gender roles
57
How do girls and boys tend to show/suppress emotion
Girls: Have other-oriented positive emotions, and suppress negative emotions
Boys: Show more out-ward focused emotions (anger) than girls
Both have a very small difference! Were more alike than different
58
Simpson and Stroh: (managers)
Women managers suppress anger and show positive emotions, while men managers show their anger.
59
How do display rules impact gender roles?
Women touch each other and men dont, and thats socially appropriate; touching softly is a low power emotion
60
How does mens touching seem impacted by progression to egalitarianism
ok so when were more equal dudes touch less bc they want to remain dominate
61
Emotional Contagion
can be subconscious, like smiling when your taking a picture of people and you smile back at them.
62
Attributional Ambiguity:
Difficulty attributing negative treatment to sexism
63
Hostile Sexism tends to be confronted more why
Combated more because women can get angry about it -- not attributional ambiguity
64
Pluralistic ignorance:
when a person feels that they are the only one who is offended and wont speak up about it because the feel alone about their feelings
65
Diffusion of responsibility
Feeling like its not MY responsibility to fight this/make the whole word better
66
What intersectional group tends to have their competence questioned the most ?
Black women
67
Intersection invisibility hypothesis
Intersectional people are ignored or disregarded
68
Finkle and Eastwick (speed dating)
Randomly assigned both makes and females as rotators or sitters for a speed dating
Men who were rotators were more attracted to the women than the women were the men
Women who were rotators were equally attracted to men as men were with women
69
Orgasm gap
Women orgasm less often than men
70
Which group of partners caused one person to orgasm the least
Wen having sex w straight men
71
Sexual fluidity
Changing how one identifies their sexual orientation in a ten year period
72
Who is more likely to be sexually fluid?
Women!
73
Why are women more likely to be sexually fluid
Women can be stimulated by men or women more often than men can, also there’s a theory saying that women have less power so they have had to adapt bc sometimes they can’t chose their partners the way men can
74
Who peaks first ?
Possibly me , but it’s not by such a large gap as we originally thought. Possibly by five years or less :)
75
What are two examples of the medicalization of sexuality
Meds for erectile dysfunction and menopause
76
Direction accuracy
The direction of a sex difference
77
Discrepancy accuracy
Specific size and direction of a sex difference
78
Rank order accuracy
Relative sizes of sex differences across different domain
79
Are stereotypes across cultures individual to each culture?
Sometimes, but they are usually fairly cross cultural
80
How do different cultures categorize valued traits?
They give valued traits to high status people
81
Mallet, ford and Woodzicka (online chats)
Experimenters chatted online w people and made discriminatory remarks to women about women
When experimented made jokes, they were rated as less sexist than when experimenter was serious
Humor makes discrimination easier to handle
82
How are people who confront sexism perceived?
Negatively!
| Colder, less liked
83
What do women think of people who confront sexism
Women typically appreciate other women who confront sexism
84
Collective action
Behavior enacted on behalf of a group w the goal of improving conditions for the group
85
Steps leading to collective actions
The group being discriminated against has to be recognized in he community as having a disadvantage
It must create anger on part of the group that also extends the group
86
What does benevolent sexism and hostile have to do with motivation to fight sexism ?
It reduces women’s motivation to fight sexism, while hostile sexism increases it
87
Becker and Swim (sexist events recorded)
Asked participants to record the number of sexist events they observed in a week, and also have a control group, then asked both groups to donate to an anti sexism fund.
People who were aware of sexism in life chose to donate over those who didn’t
88
Wha does Becker and swims experiment show ? (sexist events recorded)
Focused attention to sexism increased awareness of unfair consequences and motivated people to take action against it.
89
Can discrimination be put on a domaine group
Duh
90
Micro aggressions
Subtle discrimination ; common, everyday things that are verbal or behavioral
you
91
Example of a micro aggression
Mansplaining
| Confusing a doctor w a nurse because the doctor is a woman
92
Are micro aggressions meant to demean a person?
Nah it’s not meant to harm despite the word aggression
93
Global Gender Gap Index does what now
Attempts to capture the degree of equality in countries
94
What are impacts of educating girls?
Delays marriage and children; and improves the health outcomes of both he mother n child
95
How does equality impact the GDP
GDP rises 3% for every 10% of girls that are educated
96
Are women represented in govt equally
Lmao no
22% total representation
Less likely to be the head of state
97
Affirmative Action Laws Title 7
Must hire minorities at equal rates of counterparts
98
What issues do people have with affirmative action ?
Meritocracy
99
Meritocracy
People should be hired due to merit, not bc of race hiring quotas
100
Woodzika and Lafrance 2001 (confronting sexism)
Asked women if they’d confront sexism—28% of women said they would.
When put in sexists situations, women didn’t confront it.
101
Attributional ambiguity
People wanting to attribute discrimination to things besides sexism
102
Crosby n Clayton (recognizing sexism)
People tend to notice summarized/aggregated sexism more than individual/piecemeal sexism
103
Heterosexual intimacy
Women just can’t be without men and men just can’t be without women
The only way to live a happy life is to be straight n get married to another straight
104
Social dominance orientation
Brief system —people believe that inequality is okay just because some groups truly are better than each other
105
System justification theory
When we think the world is undesirable, it’s uncomfortable! This feeling of uncomfortable-ness makes people stand up to injustice
106
Are sex differences in language grammar or content based?
More grammar than content
107
Whorfian hypothesis//linguistic relativity hypothesis
People of different languages my perceive the world differently because of this difference in vocabulary and connotation
108
Can people tell the difference between writing samples and sex?
No not really. Computers can but humans r dumb
109
Generic masculine
Using make gendered terms to refer to mix-sexed groups (or all girl groups)
110
What’s the issue w the generic masculine
It renders gals as invisible and is also unclear/confusing
111
Stout and Dasgupta (interview words)
People in job interviews either heard generic masculine in interview or gender neutral terms, and women had better interviews when the gender neutral was used, and men were unaffected.
112
Grammatical gender
Nations w languages that are gendered (Spanish) have lower levels of gender equality
113
How does passive or active voice affect tone?
Passive voice assigns more blame to victims (used in articles to blame women for rape, etc)
114
How can language improve equality
Giving terms to experience can help define what bad things are going on, and then give power to fight it.
IE Gloria Steinbeck on “marital rape” just being “marital sex”, or a part of life
115
Holleran (everybody talks)
Experiment showed that both men and women spoke the SAME amount, despite women being perceived as speaking more.
116
Different cultures approach
View differences as the norm, and male and female miscommunication as inevitable.
117
What’s the main idea supporting different cultures approach
Boys n girls are socialized differently and their communication skills don’t overlap— boys are from Jupiter girls are from Venus
118
Zimmerman and West (interruptions)
Interruptions are mainly men!!!
| Men could possibly use language to domainte (sub or con)
119
Why is gossip important ?
It is imprint for social norms bc it shows who likes who, allows for alliances to form and bonding from trust to take place
Can be used as relational aggression
120
Relational aggression
Subtle form of aggression that is meant to harm another person. Used mostly by women to gain power when other ways are blocked (ie blocked by men)
121
Schwartz (clouds)
Sex differentiated word clouds for marketing FB posts and shit like that. Men swear more. Women use emotional words more. Men use possessives. Men talk about objects more.
122
Code switching
Strategically switching back n forth between languages and cultural meanings.
123
Fakaleit
Tonga natives that are assigned male at both but assume feminine roles
124
Biological theory of sexual orientation
fetal exposure to sex hormones, birth order ;
| the time point, the genetics without the why
125
evolutionary theory
alliance formation hypo, kin selection, fecundity hypo, tipping point theory
adaptation to be attracted to the same sex; all about reproduction AND survival; about the genetics and the why
126
Alliance formation hypo
same sex sexual activity makes better bonds; includes reciprocal altruism (we got each others backs), which leads to increased survival.
127
Kin selection/ gay uncle hypo
might be more beneficial to pass on the family genes if theres someone who int into reproduction, but into spending time helping nieces and nephews grow--which still passes on family genes
128
Example of the kin selection
fa'afafine somoa. they're transgender, but they don't have a word for that.
129
birth order effect
the more male older brothers you have, the higher the chance that a lil boy is gay.
130
Fecundity hypothesis
Siblings of gay peeps produce a higher rate than if they had straight siblings. They make up for the gays not having kids.
131
Tipping point theory
Group of genes that code for same-sex sexuality in men which include communal traits
Communal traits are desirable for women
Some men only get some of the characteristics
but when a man has too many communal traits, they are genes for the gay.
132
Biobehavioral on sexual orientation
integrative view, link between love n desire are bidirectional
explains new sexual attractions from spending time w people; feelings of deep friendships can turn to passionate love
133
Terri Conley (disproves what now?)
(Table 9.4) sex specific preferences for long term mates (evolutionary idea); she has research that disproves this evolutionary claim;;; sex preferences disappear if they're asked about practical partners instead of ideal partner.
134
do physiological differences for males and females distinguish how sex feels?
Nah, sex feels very similar to females and males
135
Orgasm gap
men (gay n straight), and lesbians get hella orgasms
136
Do genes play a role in women's orgasms?
31% of population variance but women can masturbate fine, and it decreases for long relationships, and smaller differences in lesbian relationships.
so not really genetics, more social
137
Why do straight women orgasms less?
women have their own performance anxiety,
less likely to ask for oral sex in hookups,
sexual scripts,
women are bad at communicating sexual needs w partners,
lack of sex education about own body,
genetics.
138
Is there evidence for Sexual Fluidity?
yeah, 7.4 are more same sex, 4.4 are less same sex, but 88.2 are same . so not a bunch of people but a good amount.
139
who reacts to same and different gendered sexual stimuli more?
women show more responses to both male and female sexual stimuli
140
how does women's sex drive influence attraction
women with a higher sex drive report being attracted to both men and women more so than lower sex drive women
141
is there biological evidence for sexual trajectory differences ?
not really. no hormones peaking at a younger age for sex drive, not that women's hormones that follow different trajectories, BUT men self report being horny at a younger age than women do.
142
Issues w research of sexual trajectories
- mainly western
- self reports suck balls
- no bio or behavioral evidence
143
Generalization
Tendency to assume that a new member of a category has the same qualities as other category members.
144
Stereotype content model
Theory proposing that stereotypes about social groups fall along communion and agency dimensions, and that groups may be seen as high or low on both dimensions.
145
Gender Prescriptions
Traits that women and men should have.
146
Gender Proscriptions
Traits that women and men should not have.
147
Social roles theory
Theory that gender stereotypes stem from people’s observations of the social and occupational roles that women and men typically perform.
148
def for the big five
Five trait dimensions that many researchers agree capture most of the important variance in personality (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience).
149
what are the big five
Openness to experience Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
150
Generic beliefs
Beliefs about categories as wholes, without reference to numbers or proportions.
151
Individualistic cultures
Cultures (often found in Western Europe and North America) that value independence and self-reliance and prioritize individual goals and needs over group goals and needs.
152
Collectivist cultures
Cultures (often found in East Asia, Africa, and the Middle East) that value fitting in and group solidarity and prioritize group goals and needs over individual goals and needs.
153
Matrilocal society
A society in which husbands typically live near their wives’ families. Conversely, a patrilocal society is one inwhich wives typically live near their husbands’ families.
154
Structural power
The power to shape societies and social systems.
155
Dyadic power
The power to choose intimate partners and relationships, and to control the interactions and decisions that occur within those relationships
156
Cultural Ideologies
Overarching sets of beliefs and assumptions about groups that justify unequal social hierarchies.
157
Androcentric
A cultural ideology that defines men and their experiences as universal, and treats women and their experiences as deviations from the male norm.
158
Ambivalent sexism theory:
Theory proposing that gender relations are characterized by both negative (hostile sexism) and positive (benevolent sexism) attitudes toward women.
159
Modern Sexism
Socially acceptable form of sexism consisting of a denial that women continue to face gender discrimination, coupled with resentment toward women who seek social change.
160
Diminutive
A form of a word used to indicate a smaller, less powerful, or more familiar version (e.g., booklet, duckling, mommy, daddy).
161
Teddy Bear effect
Tendency for baby-faced (physically non-threatening) Black men to have an advantage in seeking high-status positions because they do not activate people’s stereotypes about Black men as aggressive.
162
Encoding accuracy
The ability to communicate nonverbally in a clear manner that others can interpret correctly.
163
Decoding accuracy
: The ability to read the nonverbal communications of others correctly.
164
Mirror Neurons
Neurons that fire both when performing an action and when observing another individual perform the action.
165
brain imaging technique that reads electrical activity in the brain with the use of sensors on the scalp.
EEG
166
A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity.
fMRI
167
Sexual Orientation
n enduring pattern of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral tendencies that regulates the experience, conduct, and expression of sexuality
168
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that is associated with feelings of reward and positive arousal.
169
Norepinephrine
A neuropeptide that is associated with sympathetic arousal and the “fight-or-flight” response.
170
Narrative
Approach that broadly considers how multiple sources of oppression and pride interact to shape identity within specific contexts.
171
Fraternal birth order effect
Positive correlation between the number of older brothers a man has and his likelihood of identifying as gay.
172
Alliance formation hypo
he hypothesis that same-sex behavior is adaptive because it promotes emotional bonds and facilitates survival and resource sharing.
173
Kin Selection
Helping behavior that is costly to the helper in the short-term, but beneficial in the long-term, because it increases the survival likelihood of the helper’s genetic relatives.
174
Fecundity Hypo
he hypothesis that genes for same-sex sexuality get passed on because the female relatives of gay men produce many offspring.
175
Tipping point theory
Theory that genes for same-sex sexuality get passed on because the same-sex relatives of gay and lesbian people have personalities that make them especially likely to engage in reproductive sex.
176
Biobehavioral model
Model that proposes that the links between romantic love and sexual desire are bidirectional, and that prolonged proximity and touch in sex-segregated environments can lead people to develop novel sexual attractions.
