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Gender Psych > exam 1 Review:) > Flashcards

exam 1 Review:) Flashcards

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1
Q

STUDY: Langlois and Down– what is the experiment?

A

father’s reacted negatively to sons doing femm things/playing with femm toys

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2
Q

STUDY: Langlois and down–what did this study show?

A

parents reinforced sex-typical play

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3
Q

STUDY: Mitchell Baker & Jackson

A

tested mono and di twins

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4
Q

STUDY: Mitchell Baker and Jackson–what did it show?

A

that 20% heritability by genes

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5
Q

STUDY: MacCoby and Jacklin–what is the experiment

A

same sex modeling is unlikely to account for differences in behavior

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6
Q

STUDY: Maccoby and Jacklin–what idd it show?

A

shows MIX of cognitive and social learning

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7
Q

Implicit Association test–what is it?

A

tested trans/cis kids and recorded preferences and associations

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8
Q

Implicit Association Test–what it show

A

Trans/Cis kids are V similar

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9
Q

whats the weird thing about the Greater Male Variability Hypothesis?

A

Men are over represented in both the high and low spectrums of the distribution

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10
Q

Explain the main difference in ideas about how gender is formed according to Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Theory:

A

SL: “i was rewarded for being a boy, so I MUST be a boy!”
Cognitive: “I am a boy, so I MUST do boy things!”

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11
Q

what is a prejudice

A

the feelings associated with a stereotype (i.e, all men are aggressive; therefore I hate all men)

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12
Q

what two thingies help girls stay confident in them sleves during puberty?

A

STEM things and Sports

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13
Q

Which Gender Development theory is Sex-Typing associated with?

A

Social Learning

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14
Q

What is sex-typing?

A

the processes in which people acquire gendered behaviors

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15
Q

what kinda households do more egalitarian kiddos come from?

A

kids with one parent

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16
Q

Three steps of cognitive development theory:

A
  • Gender Identity: understanding sex by being able to label one’s self and others (2-3)
  • Gender Stability: understanding that sex is constant across time (4-5)
  • Gender Constancy: sex is largely fixed, ie, doesn’t change bc of clothes or haircut (6-7)
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17
Q

What is the Gender Socialization Model:

A

kids forming three cognitive associations about gender

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18
Q

three chunks of gender Socialization Model:

A
  • gender identity: connect the self to a sex group
  • gender stereotype: connect sex groups to traits
  • gendered self-view: those that connect the self to traits
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19
Q

Criticism of SL:

A
  • children are passive recipients of gender roles by environmental influence
  • SL ignore’s what kids think about gender
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20
Q

Criticism of Cog:

A
  • de-emphasizes role of the outside world

- de-emphasizes culture

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21
Q

The two theories of sex differentiation

A

Evolutionary and BioSocial Constructionist

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22
Q

Evolutionary explanation

A

EEA (Environment of Evolutionary Adaptivness)

-psych conditions are inherited the same as physical

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23
Q

the goal of life according to Evolutionary psych

A

pass on genes (survive and reproduce)

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24
Q

BioSocial Construct theory

A

gender happens by biological differences; gender is an easy way to divide labor

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25
Q

CAIS (complete androgen insensitivity Syndrome)

A

intersex condition; XY is resistent to Andringens and has undeveloped testes and female external genitalia

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26
Q

PAIS

A

intersex condition; XY is partially resistant to androgens and may present with male or female or ambiguous genitalia

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27
Q

CAH ( Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)

A

Intersex condition; XX have overactive adrenal gland, female anatomy with male genitals

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28
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

XO, infertile, assigned female at birth, underdeveloped sex organs and health issues

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29
Q

Triple X

A

XXX peeps assigned female at birth, female sex organs, increased risk of learning disabilities, tall, and fertile

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30
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

intersex condition; XXY, assigned male, infertile, small testes and enlarged breasts, increased risk of learning disabilities

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31
Q

Jacob’s

A

XYY, assigned male, fertile, tall, thin, severe acne, high testosterone, increased risk for learning disabilities

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32
Q

Maximalist

A

emphasizes sex n gender DIFFERENCES

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33
Q

minimalist

A

emphasizes sex and gender SIMILARITIES

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34
Q

experimental control

A

all variables except the independent variable are held constant

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35
Q

ex post facto design

A

quantitative study design that compares groups of people to determine if they differ on some participant variables of interest

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36
Q

partipant varible

A

naturally occurring features of participants that are measured instead of manipulated

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37
Q

Quasi

A

quantitative study design that assesses the impact of an independent variable on the association between an independent or participant variable and a dependent variable, i.e. interaction effects

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38
Q

Interaction effect

A

when the effect of one variable on another is contingent on a third variable

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39
Q

focus group

A

qualitative study design that involves interviews conducted in a group format, guided by a moderator

40
Q

mixed methods

A

study designs that capitalize on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative method approaches

41
Q

meta-anaylsis

A

a quantitative technique for analyzing results across studies

42
Q

d stat

A

a common measure of effect size which quantifies the difference between two group means

43
Q

effect size

A

a measure of the magnitude and direction of a difference between groups or the strength of the relationship between variables

44
Q

within group variance

A

reflects how spread out the values are among people within the same group

45
Q

post positivism

A

a framework that views empirical investigations as a useful , though inherently flawed, method for acquiring knowledge

46
Q

social constructivism

A

a framework that views knowledge as a subjective, actively-constructed representation of reality

47
Q

Essentialism

A

Essentialism

the view that human differences arise from essential, inherent qualities within individuals

48
Q

Gene by enviro interaction

A

when a genetic tendency only emerges under certain environmental conditions, or when an environment shapes traits only for individuals with a particular genetic makeup

49
Q

passive

gene by enviro

A

the idea that parents can create a certain rearing environment that cannot be separated from their own, or their child’s, genetic makeup

50
Q

How does direct learning work?

A

rewards and punishments

51
Q

how does indirect learning work?

A

observation and imitation

52
Q

what could genes for play as a child also code for?

A

sexual orientation

53
Q

emerging adulthood

A

age of 18-25; people in Western, industrialized nations transition to more adult roles and responsibilities

54
Q

what happens when adults support adolescents autonomy

A

kiddos display stronger relationship skills as they enter adulthood

55
Q

are relationships and cross sex friendships differentiated by race?

A

no, p much the same as long as included in Western cultures; with the exception of Asian people

56
Q

Jean Twenge noticed what from 73-94?

A

gendered self views decreased (as in agent and communal)

57
Q

what is the primary cause for gendered self views decreasing

A

Women see themsleves as more agentic, men only see themselves as slightly more communal

58
Q

How does Guimond’s theory explain both gender equal countries and non equal countries

A

countries w greater gender equality are likely ot learn about their own traits by peers of all sexes; gender divided countries are more likely ot only analyze their own sex

59
Q

Motherhood mandate

A

societal norm dictating that women should have children; women without kids are stereotyped as lacking in warmth, contempt, and moral outrage

60
Q

What is ideal manhood in psych terms?

A

hegemonic masculinity

61
Q

what is a result of hegemonic masculinity

A

because its such an impossible bar to set, men often feel insecure about their masculinity

62
Q

Precarious manhood hypothesis:

A

cross-cultural tendency to define manhood as social status, and that its easy to lose. Requires continual validation by public action and risk taking

63
Q

De gendering theory

A

gender becomes less of a central aspect as people grow older

64
Q

is de gendering backed up?

A

nah, two studies show no de gendering over lifetime and actually one showed an increase

65
Q

double standard of aging

A

men: freedom from breadwinning stage
women: freedom from child raising, other household responsibilities

66
Q

what happens to girls who exhibit puberty at an earlier age than peers?

A

Higher risk for: body image problems, eating disorders, depression, risky behavior, and sexual activity

67
Q

Evocative

A

the concept that an individual’s genetic tendency can evoke specific treatment from others

68
Q

Active

A

the concept that an individual’s genetic tendency can cause them to choose certain environments

69
Q

Differences or Disorders of Sex Development

A

the medical term for intersex conditions, encompassing chromosomal, hormonal, and other factors

70
Q

John money

A

the physician who promoted the Optimal Sex Policy, advocating for early socialization and reconstructive surgery for intersex children

71
Q

heritability estimate

A

a statistic that specifies the proportion of total population variance in a given trait that is due to genetic differences

72
Q

Gender Confirmation Procedures

A

surgeries, hormone treatments, and psychotherapy that bring the physical body of an individual more in-line with their gender identity

73
Q

Sex selection

A

the process by which heritable features increase or decrease chances of reproduction (passing on genes)

74
Q

intersexual selection

A

possessing a feature that makes an individual more or less competitive than others of the same sex in terms of finding a mate

75
Q

inter

A

possessing a feature that makes an individual more or less attractive to potential mates

76
Q

Parent-child Interactions

A

processes by which parents and children mutually influence each other in the development of the child’s gender identity

77
Q

gender schematic processing

A

people are more likely to notice gender and use it to understand and organize their world

78
Q

in-group bias

A

preference for one’s own sex or gender group over others

79
Q

Gender Intensification Hypothesis

A

idea that gender socialization pressures increase during adolescence and young adulthood as mean and women prepare for adult social role

80
Q

dualism

A

the distinction between the physical body/brain and conciousness/the mind

81
Q

effect size for verbal ability

A

Small, in favor of females

82
Q

effect size for vocabulary

A

Close to zero

83
Q

effect size for verbal fluency

A

Small/moderate, in favor of females

84
Q

effect size for reading

A

Variable, in favor of females

85
Q

effect size for writing

A

Moderate, in favor of females

86
Q

effect size for verbal reasoning

A

Small, in favor of males

87
Q

effect size for quantitative abilities

A

0

88
Q

effect size for computation

A

Small, in favor of females

89
Q

effect size for understanding math concepts

A

close to 0

90
Q

effect size for complex problem solving

A

Small/close-to-zero, in favor of males

91
Q

effect size for visual-spatial reasoning

A

Moderate, in favor of males

92
Q

effect size for mental rotation

A

Moderate/large, in favor of males

93
Q

effect size for spatial perception

A

Moderate, in favor of males

94
Q

effect size for spatial visualization

A

Small, in favor of males

95
Q

effect size for spatial location memory

A

Small, in favor of females

96
Q

Reflexivity

A

recognition that the biases of researchers affect the design, findings, and interpretations of any study

Gender Psych (6 decks)

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