exam 1 Review:) Flashcards
STUDY: Langlois and Down– what is the experiment?
father’s reacted negatively to sons doing femm things/playing with femm toys
STUDY: Langlois and down–what did this study show?
parents reinforced sex-typical play
STUDY: Mitchell Baker & Jackson
tested mono and di twins
STUDY: Mitchell Baker and Jackson–what did it show?
that 20% heritability by genes
STUDY: MacCoby and Jacklin–what is the experiment
same sex modeling is unlikely to account for differences in behavior
STUDY: Maccoby and Jacklin–what idd it show?
shows MIX of cognitive and social learning
Implicit Association test–what is it?
tested trans/cis kids and recorded preferences and associations
Implicit Association Test–what it show
Trans/Cis kids are V similar
whats the weird thing about the Greater Male Variability Hypothesis?
Men are over represented in both the high and low spectrums of the distribution
Explain the main difference in ideas about how gender is formed according to Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Theory:
SL: “i was rewarded for being a boy, so I MUST be a boy!”
Cognitive: “I am a boy, so I MUST do boy things!”
what is a prejudice
the feelings associated with a stereotype (i.e, all men are aggressive; therefore I hate all men)
what two thingies help girls stay confident in them sleves during puberty?
STEM things and Sports
Which Gender Development theory is Sex-Typing associated with?
Social Learning
What is sex-typing?
the processes in which people acquire gendered behaviors
what kinda households do more egalitarian kiddos come from?
kids with one parent
Three steps of cognitive development theory:
- Gender Identity: understanding sex by being able to label one’s self and others (2-3)
- Gender Stability: understanding that sex is constant across time (4-5)
- Gender Constancy: sex is largely fixed, ie, doesn’t change bc of clothes or haircut (6-7)
What is the Gender Socialization Model:
kids forming three cognitive associations about gender
three chunks of gender Socialization Model:
- gender identity: connect the self to a sex group
- gender stereotype: connect sex groups to traits
- gendered self-view: those that connect the self to traits
Criticism of SL:
- children are passive recipients of gender roles by environmental influence
- SL ignore’s what kids think about gender
Criticism of Cog:
- de-emphasizes role of the outside world
- de-emphasizes culture
The two theories of sex differentiation
Evolutionary and BioSocial Constructionist
Evolutionary explanation
EEA (Environment of Evolutionary Adaptivness)
-psych conditions are inherited the same as physical
the goal of life according to Evolutionary psych
pass on genes (survive and reproduce)
BioSocial Construct theory
gender happens by biological differences; gender is an easy way to divide labor
CAIS (complete androgen insensitivity Syndrome)
intersex condition; XY is resistent to Andringens and has undeveloped testes and female external genitalia
PAIS
intersex condition; XY is partially resistant to androgens and may present with male or female or ambiguous genitalia
CAH ( Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
Intersex condition; XX have overactive adrenal gland, female anatomy with male genitals
Turner’s syndrome
XO, infertile, assigned female at birth, underdeveloped sex organs and health issues
Triple X
XXX peeps assigned female at birth, female sex organs, increased risk of learning disabilities, tall, and fertile
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
intersex condition; XXY, assigned male, infertile, small testes and enlarged breasts, increased risk of learning disabilities
Jacob’s
XYY, assigned male, fertile, tall, thin, severe acne, high testosterone, increased risk for learning disabilities
Maximalist
emphasizes sex n gender DIFFERENCES
minimalist
emphasizes sex and gender SIMILARITIES
experimental control
all variables except the independent variable are held constant
ex post facto design
quantitative study design that compares groups of people to determine if they differ on some participant variables of interest
partipant varible
naturally occurring features of participants that are measured instead of manipulated
Quasi
quantitative study design that assesses the impact of an independent variable on the association between an independent or participant variable and a dependent variable, i.e. interaction effects
Interaction effect
when the effect of one variable on another is contingent on a third variable
focus group
qualitative study design that involves interviews conducted in a group format, guided by a moderator
mixed methods
study designs that capitalize on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative method approaches
meta-anaylsis
a quantitative technique for analyzing results across studies
d stat
a common measure of effect size which quantifies the difference between two group means
effect size
a measure of the magnitude and direction of a difference between groups or the strength of the relationship between variables
within group variance
reflects how spread out the values are among people within the same group
post positivism
a framework that views empirical investigations as a useful , though inherently flawed, method for acquiring knowledge
social constructivism
a framework that views knowledge as a subjective, actively-constructed representation of reality
Essentialism
Essentialism
the view that human differences arise from essential, inherent qualities within individuals
Gene by enviro interaction
when a genetic tendency only emerges under certain environmental conditions, or when an environment shapes traits only for individuals with a particular genetic makeup
passive
gene by enviro
the idea that parents can create a certain rearing environment that cannot be separated from their own, or their child’s, genetic makeup
How does direct learning work?
rewards and punishments
how does indirect learning work?
observation and imitation
what could genes for play as a child also code for?
sexual orientation
emerging adulthood
age of 18-25; people in Western, industrialized nations transition to more adult roles and responsibilities
what happens when adults support adolescents autonomy
kiddos display stronger relationship skills as they enter adulthood
are relationships and cross sex friendships differentiated by race?
no, p much the same as long as included in Western cultures; with the exception of Asian people
Jean Twenge noticed what from 73-94?
gendered self views decreased (as in agent and communal)
what is the primary cause for gendered self views decreasing
Women see themsleves as more agentic, men only see themselves as slightly more communal
How does Guimond’s theory explain both gender equal countries and non equal countries
countries w greater gender equality are likely ot learn about their own traits by peers of all sexes; gender divided countries are more likely ot only analyze their own sex
Motherhood mandate
societal norm dictating that women should have children; women without kids are stereotyped as lacking in warmth, contempt, and moral outrage
What is ideal manhood in psych terms?
hegemonic masculinity
what is a result of hegemonic masculinity
because its such an impossible bar to set, men often feel insecure about their masculinity
Precarious manhood hypothesis:
cross-cultural tendency to define manhood as social status, and that its easy to lose. Requires continual validation by public action and risk taking
De gendering theory
gender becomes less of a central aspect as people grow older
is de gendering backed up?
nah, two studies show no de gendering over lifetime and actually one showed an increase
double standard of aging
men: freedom from breadwinning stage
women: freedom from child raising, other household responsibilities
what happens to girls who exhibit puberty at an earlier age than peers?
Higher risk for: body image problems, eating disorders, depression, risky behavior, and sexual activity
Evocative
the concept that an individual’s genetic tendency can evoke specific treatment from others
Active
the concept that an individual’s genetic tendency can cause them to choose certain environments
Differences or Disorders of Sex Development
the medical term for intersex conditions, encompassing chromosomal, hormonal, and other factors
John money
the physician who promoted the Optimal Sex Policy, advocating for early socialization and reconstructive surgery for intersex children
heritability estimate
a statistic that specifies the proportion of total population variance in a given trait that is due to genetic differences
Gender Confirmation Procedures
surgeries, hormone treatments, and psychotherapy that bring the physical body of an individual more in-line with their gender identity
Sex selection
the process by which heritable features increase or decrease chances of reproduction (passing on genes)
intersexual selection
possessing a feature that makes an individual more or less competitive than others of the same sex in terms of finding a mate
inter
possessing a feature that makes an individual more or less attractive to potential mates
Parent-child Interactions
processes by which parents and children mutually influence each other in the development of the child’s gender identity
gender schematic processing
people are more likely to notice gender and use it to understand and organize their world
in-group bias
preference for one’s own sex or gender group over others
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
idea that gender socialization pressures increase during adolescence and young adulthood as mean and women prepare for adult social role
dualism
the distinction between the physical body/brain and conciousness/the mind
effect size for verbal ability
Small, in favor of females
effect size for vocabulary
Close to zero
effect size for verbal fluency
Small/moderate, in favor of females
effect size for reading
Variable, in favor of females
effect size for writing
Moderate, in favor of females
effect size for verbal reasoning
Small, in favor of males
effect size for quantitative abilities
0
effect size for computation
Small, in favor of females
effect size for understanding math concepts
close to 0
effect size for complex problem solving
Small/close-to-zero, in favor of males
effect size for visual-spatial reasoning
Moderate, in favor of males
effect size for mental rotation
Moderate/large, in favor of males
effect size for spatial perception
Moderate, in favor of males
effect size for spatial visualization
Small, in favor of males
effect size for spatial location memory
Small, in favor of females
Reflexivity
recognition that the biases of researchers affect the design, findings, and interpretations of any study
