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Intro to Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

Function: Contains most of the cell’s DNA.
Location: Within the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane.

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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

Function: Manufacture proteins.
Location: Within the cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria in all cells. In plant cells, also in the chloroplasts.

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3
Q

Vacuole

A

Function: Stores food, enzymes, or waste in a cell.
Location: Near the center of the cell.

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4
Q

Lysosomes

A

Function: Contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles.
Location: Found in the cytosols of cells.

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5
Q

Centrioles

A

Function: To function during cell division
Location: In the centrosome of cells.

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Function: Convert fuel particles into usable energy.
Location: In the fluid around the nucleus in a cell.

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7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Function: Capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Location: Depends on the plant.

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

Function: To protect the cell and give it structure.
Location: Bordering the cell.

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9
Q

Organelles in plant but not animal cells.

A

Cell Wall, Vacuoles, Plasmodesmata, and Chloroplasts.

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10
Q

Organelles in animal but not plant cells.

A

Lysosomes & Centrioles

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11
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Two layers of phospholipids that are arranged to allow the plasma membrane to exist in a watery environment.

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12
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Transmit signals to the inside of the cell.

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13
Q

Support Proteins

A

Support structures for the plasma membrane.

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14
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Move needed substances and wastes through the plasma membrane.

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15
Q

Carbohydrate Chains

A

Help define the cell’s characteristics and help the cells identify the chemical signals.

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16
Q

Diffusion vs. Osmosis

A

Differences: Diffusion is the random movement across a cell membrane sometimes until dynamic equilibrium is reached, but particles still move. Whereas osmosis depends on solute concentration in a cell and its environment and water moves in and/or out the cell depending on that factor.
Similarities: Are types of passive transportation methods across a cell membrane.

17
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The diffusion of particles through transport proteins found in the membrane.

18
Q

Why Mitosis?

A

Mitosis helps increase the number of cells in a multicellular organism as it grows. Does this by an accurate separation of the cell’s replicated DNA. Damaged cells get replaced because of new cells made from mitosis.

19
Q

G1 Phase of Interphase

A

The cell is growing and carrying out normal cellular functions.

20
Q

S Phase of Interphase

A

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

21
Q

G2 Phase of Interphase

A

The period in which the cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

22
Q

Prophase of Mitosis

A

Cell’s chromatin tightens into chromosomes. Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. Spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers form a spindle apparatus. Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.

23
Q

Metaphase of Mitosis

A

Sister Chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus towards the center of the cell. The sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.

24
Q

Anaphase of Mitosis

A

Sister Chromatids pull apart. The spindle apparatus begin to shorten, Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes move towards the poles of the cell.

25
Q

Telophase of Mitosis

A

When chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense. Two nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. Spindle apparatus disassembles.

26
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Happens after two daughter nuclei have formed. In animal cells, microfilaments pinch off to form two cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei.

27
Q

What’s true if a child has a recessive phenotype?

A

Each parent must have a recessive allele for that phenotype in order for their child to have a recessive phenotype.

28
Q

How do diploid and haploid cells differ?

A

Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes while haploid cells have 23 chromosomes. Meiosis produces the haploid chromosomes and fertilization makes the diploid.

29
Q

Why are haploid cells produced?

A

They are the sperm and egg which are essential to organisms to reproduce.

30
Q

How are haploid cells produced?

A

Through the process of meiosis.

31
Q

Difference between a gamete and zygote?

A

A gamete is the sperm and egg separately.(23 chromosomes)
A zygote is a fertilized egg.(46 chromosomes)

32
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Sister Chromatids from the mother or father.

Intro to Biology (10 decks)

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