Final Exam Flashcards
Nucleus
Function: Contains most of the cell’s DNA.
Location: Within the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane.
Ribosomes
Function: Manufacture proteins.
Location: Within the cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria in all cells. In plant cells, also in the chloroplasts.
Vacuole
Function: Stores food, enzymes, or waste in a cell.
Location: Near the center of the cell.
Lysosomes
Function: Contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles.
Location: Found in the cytosols of cells.
Centrioles
Function: To function during cell division
Location: In the centrosome of cells.
Mitochondria
Function: Convert fuel particles into usable energy.
Location: In the fluid around the nucleus in a cell.
Chloroplasts
Function: Capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Location: Depends on the plant.
Cell Wall
Function: To protect the cell and give it structure.
Location: Bordering the cell.
Organelles in plant but not animal cells.
Cell Wall, Vacuoles, Plasmodesmata, and Chloroplasts.
Organelles in animal but not plant cells.
Lysosomes & Centrioles
Phospholipid Bilayer
Two layers of phospholipids that are arranged to allow the plasma membrane to exist in a watery environment.
Receptor Proteins
Transmit signals to the inside of the cell.
Support Proteins
Support structures for the plasma membrane.
Transport Proteins
Move needed substances and wastes through the plasma membrane.
Carbohydrate Chains
Help define the cell’s characteristics and help the cells identify the chemical signals.
Diffusion vs. Osmosis
Differences: Diffusion is the random movement across a cell membrane sometimes until dynamic equilibrium is reached, but particles still move. Whereas osmosis depends on solute concentration in a cell and its environment and water moves in and/or out the cell depending on that factor.
Similarities: Are types of passive transportation methods across a cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
The diffusion of particles through transport proteins found in the membrane.
Why Mitosis?
Mitosis helps increase the number of cells in a multicellular organism as it grows. Does this by an accurate separation of the cell’s replicated DNA. Damaged cells get replaced because of new cells made from mitosis.
G1 Phase of Interphase
The cell is growing and carrying out normal cellular functions.
S Phase of Interphase
The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
G2 Phase of Interphase
The period in which the cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.
Prophase of Mitosis
Cell’s chromatin tightens into chromosomes. Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. Spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers form a spindle apparatus. Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.
Metaphase of Mitosis
Sister Chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus towards the center of the cell. The sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase of Mitosis
Sister Chromatids pull apart. The spindle apparatus begin to shorten, Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes move towards the poles of the cell.
Telophase of Mitosis
When chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense. Two nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. Spindle apparatus disassembles.
Cytokinesis
Happens after two daughter nuclei have formed. In animal cells, microfilaments pinch off to form two cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei.
What’s true if a child has a recessive phenotype?
Each parent must have a recessive allele for that phenotype in order for their child to have a recessive phenotype.
How do diploid and haploid cells differ?
Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes while haploid cells have 23 chromosomes. Meiosis produces the haploid chromosomes and fertilization makes the diploid.
Why are haploid cells produced?
They are the sperm and egg which are essential to organisms to reproduce.
How are haploid cells produced?
Through the process of meiosis.
Difference between a gamete and zygote?
A gamete is the sperm and egg separately.(23 chromosomes)
A zygote is a fertilized egg.(46 chromosomes)
Homologous Chromosome
Sister Chromatids from the mother or father.
