final exam Flashcards
What is stratified epithelium?
many layers of cells packed closely together; tough/good for protection; lines nasal vestibule & oropharynx
What is respiratory epithelium?
very delicate; one layer of pseudostratified epithelium that is made of column-shaped cells with cilia that project from their apical surface; lines nasal conchae, nasopharynx, & trachea
What are goblet cells?
can be found scattered throughout respiratory epithelium; produces mucous
What is the anterior boundary of the nose?
the nose holes which are called the anterior nares
What is the posterior boundary of the nose?
2 holes known as posterior nares that connect to the pharynx
What is the pharyngeal tonsil?
embedded in posterior wall of nasopharynx; lump of lymphatic tissue that filters debris & pathogens from air
What are palatine tonsils?
a pair contained in the oropharynx; they catch pathogens & debris to remove them/filter them out
Where is the opening to the auditory tube?
the nasopharynx
What is inspiration?
to breathe in; increases size of thoracic cavity by contracting intercostal muscles & flattening the diaphragm causing air to rush in
What is expiration?
to breathe out; decreases size of thoracic cavity by contracting intercostal muscles & relaxing the diaphragm causing air to exit
What are the surfaces of the lungs?
costal which faces the ribs & mediastinal which faces the midline of the body
How does gas exchange occur?
through diffusion (with the concentration gradient)
How many lobes are the lungs divided into?
2 on the left & 3 on the right
What is the apex & the base of the lungs?
the apex is the pointed superior part & the base is the flat inferior part that rests on the diaphragm
What is the fauces?
opening in the back of the mouth that leads into the pharynx
What tissue layers make up the entire GI tract (from deep to superficial)?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, & covering
What is the mucosa of the GI tract?
layer of mucous epithelium that lines the tract; the mucous produced by goblet cells protects this lining; 3 parts = mucous epithelium, lamina propria, & muscularis mucosa
What is the submucosa of the GI tract?
thick layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, glands, and nerves
What is the submucosal plexus?
formed by the nerves of the submucosa; controls the muscularis mucosa
What is the muscularis of the GI tract?
smooth muscle layers that contract to push food through the lumen of the GI tract; this is called peristalsis
What is the myenteric plexus?
embedded in the muscularis nerves; it is controlled by the ANS & allows for peristalsis; sympathetic stimulation slows this activity & parasympathetic stimulation speeds it up
What is the covering of the GI tract?
the outermost layer; 2 types which are serosa & adventitia
What secretory cells are contained in the gastric pits?
chief cells, parietal cells, & enteroendocrine cells
What are chief cells?
secrete pepsinogen (an inactive molecule) that is converted into an active form called pepsin which begins protein digestion