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A&P II Lecture > exam 2 urinary > Flashcards

exam 2 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system made of?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters (1 per kidney), 1 urinary bladder, & 1 urethra

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2
Q

What is the function of the ureters, bladder, & urethra?

A

to transport & store urine

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3
Q

What do the kidneys remove?

A

toxins from blood (especially nitrogen-containing wastes) & excess ions such as K+, Na+, Cl-, etc.

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4
Q

What do the kidneys help regulate?

A

blood pH by removing excess hydrogen ions & blood pressure by adjusting water levels in the blood (adjusts blood volume)

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5
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

a hormone that is released by the kidneys to stimulate the production of blood cells

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6
Q

What is the size of a kidney?

A

4 1/2 inches long, 2 1/2 inches wide, & 1 inch thick

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7
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

posterior to the body wall/abdominopelvic cavity; this is called retroperitoneal; they lie at the level of T12-L3

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8
Q

What is a hilum?

A

indented area in the kidneys where the ureter, renal artery, & renal vein attach; it faces the midline of the body

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9
Q

What is each kidney protected by?

A

renal capsule, adipose capsule, & renal fascia

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10
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

deepest layer protecting the kidneys; attaches to the surface; very delicate & thin; holds parts of the kidney together to prevent infection

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11
Q

What is the adipose capsule?

A

layer of fat that cushions the kidney

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12
Q

What is the renal fascia?

A

tough superficial connective tissue covering that binds kidney in place

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13
Q

What is nephrotosis?

A

when the renal fascia becomes compromised; causes the kidney to shift & kinking the ureter

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14
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

outer zone of the inside of the kidney; grainy appearance

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15
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

middle part of the inside of the kidney; contains renal pyramids, papillae, & columns

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16
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

there are 8-18 per kidney; triangular areas filled with little straight tubes

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17
Q

What are renal papillae?

A

pointed ends of each renal pyramid; where newly made urine is released

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18
Q

What are renal columns?

A

grainy areas between the renal pyramids; continuous with the tissue in the renal cortex

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19
Q

Where does newly formed urine travel after it exits the renal papillae?

A

through the kidney cavity which is made of minor calyces, major calyces, & the renal pelvis

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20
Q

What are minor calyces?

A

they drain urine from each papillae

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21
Q

What are major calyces?

A

larger tubes that form from the merger of the minor calyces

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22
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel-shaped area formed by merger of major calyces; opens into ureter

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23
Q

What is the flow of urine?

A

renal papilla ⤏ minor calyx ⤏ major calyx ⤏ renal pelvis ⤏ out of kidney through ureter ⤏ urinary bladder ⤏ exits through urethra

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24
Q

What are nephrons?

A

microscopic units where urine is formed; they fill the renal cortex & medulla regions

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25
What are the components of a nephron?
glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, Henle’s loop, DCT, & collecting tubule
26
What is the glomerulus?
a capillary knot whose walls have tiny holes between cells which allow filtrate to flow out of the blood & into the capsular space
27
What is Bowman’s capsule?
surrounds the glomerulus; a double layered epithelial cup; the 2 layers are parietal & visceral
28
What is the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?
adheres onto the surface of the glomerulus
29
What is the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?
the outer layer
30
What is found in between the parietal & visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule?
the capsular space which collects filtrate
31
What is the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule made of?
epithelial cells called podocytes that have tiny extensions called pedicels which interlace forming openings called fenestrations
32
What happens after “dirty blood” enters the glomerulus?
it flows through while filtrate passes through the fenestrations & into the capsular space; following filtration, “clean blood” exits
33
What does filtrate contain?
ions, glucose, water, & urea (waste)
34
How do “dirty blood” & “clean blood” move throughout the glomerulus?
“dirty blood” enters via affferent arteriole & “clean blood” exits via efferent arteriole
35
What happens throughout tubes such as PCT, Henle’s loop, & DCT?
“good stuff” is recycled while additional “bad stuff” is added to filtrate
36
What are vasa recta?
surrounding blood vessels that molecules move into & out of
37
What are the 3 steps to urine formation?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, & tubular secretion
38
What is glomerular filtration?
filters blood at the glomerulus; there are 3 pressures
39
What is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure?
force of blood in glomerulus pushing filtrate INTO capsular space; varies with overall body blood pressure but is usually 60 mmHg
40
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure?
force of Bowman’s capsule pushing some filtrate BACK INTO GLOMERULUS; usually 18 mmHg
41
What is blood colloidal osmotic pressure?
attraction of some filtrate so that it travels BACK INTO GLOMERULUS; usually 32 mmHg
42
What is the net filtration rate?
10 mmHg
43
When is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure above 60 mmHg?
when our body’s blood pressure is too high
44
What happens when the net filtration pressure is abnormally high?
damage to the glomerulus can occur; to prevent this, the diameters of the afferent & efferent arterioles are controlled which is called renal autoregulation
45
What happens when the afferent arteriole is constricted & the efferent arteriole is dilated?
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure lowers
46
What happens when the efferent arteriole is constricted & the afferent arteriole is dilated?
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure raises
47
When are other mechanisms used to control high/low blood pressure?
only if renal autoregulation is not enough to adequately restore glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure to 60 mmHg
48
What “other” mechanism is used when blood pressure is too high?
cells in the wall of the heart’s right atrium can become stretched due to high blood pressure, causing them to they release a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
49
What does ANP do?
travels to the kidneys & causes a reduction in Na+ reabsorption from filtrate into the blood of the vasa recta, causing Na+ to stay in filtrate & become part of urine
50
How does the presence of Na+ in filtrate reduce blood volume & pressure?
Na+ makes osmotic pressure of filtrate higher which draws H2O in
51
What “other” mechanism is used when blood pressure is too low?
special cells in the wall of the DCT near glomerulus & in the wall of the afferent arteriole release an enzyme called renin
52
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
the special cells that release renin; they constantly monitor filtrate pressure in DCT & blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
53
What does renin do?
travels through the blood & converts lots of molecules eventually forming a hormone called angiotensin II
54
What does angiotensin II do?
constricts “peripheral blood flow” & efferent arterioles even more than usual, stimulates thirst to increase blood volume & pressure, & triggers adrenal glands to release aldosterone
55
What is the benefit of angiotensin II constricting peripheral blood flow?
it diverts some blood from the skin to the kidneys (hopefully)
56
What is tubular reabsorption?
keeps the “good” or useful stuff such as glucose, ions, carbonate, & water based on current blood chemistry; occurs between tubules & vasa recta
57
What does tubular reabsorption do?
transfers the “good” molecules from the filtrate into the blood of the vasa recta
58
What does tubular reabsorption do with glucose?
glucose from PCT filtrate is moved into the blood using carrier protein molecules
59
What happens if the level of filtrate glucose has exceeded tubular maximum?
this means there is such a great concentration of glucose in the PCT that not all of it can be reabsorbed; the excess continues in the filtrate to become part of urine
60
What does tubular reabsorption do to ions?
ions such as K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, etc are recycled as needed
61
Why do ions like K+ need to be kept in proper levels?
if K+ levels are too low, breathing stops & if K+ levels are too high, the heart stops
62
Why is carbonate recycled?
it is a buffer; this is an attempt to keep blood pH at normal levels
63
How much water is recycled in tubular reabsorption?
95-99% of the water in filtrate
64
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
it enhances the reabsorption of water; it makes the DCT & collecting tubules more permeable to water so that it exits the tubules & enters the vasa recta
65
What are characteristics of urine with ADH?
urine volume is low & urine is concentrated (dark in color)
66
What are characteristics of urine with low ADH?
urine volume is high & urine is dilute (light in color)
67
What is the flow of filtrate?
capsular space ⤏ PCT ⤏ Henle’s loop ⤏ DCT ⤏ collecting tubule ⤏ renal papilla
68
What is tubular secretion?
gets rid of the “bad” or excess stuff
69
What does tubular secretion do?
moves molecules from the blood in the vasa recta into the nephron tubules; this could include ions, excess H+, urea, & specific drugs
70
What does tubular secretion do to ions?
gets rid of any excess ions which could be K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg++, etc. ; this helps adjust the blood levels of these ions
71
Why does tubular secretion get rid of excess H+?
helps blood pH stay at normal levels; could result in metabolic acidosis if it does not work properly
72
What is metabolic acidosis?
occurs when blood becomes acidic; causes confusion, sleepiness, lethargy, & nausea
73
What is urea?
a waste that is generated from metabolism of proteins
74
How is urea formed?
as proteins are used, ammonia is formed which is a very toxic, nitrogen-containing molecule; the liver converts ammonia into urea
75
Why is urea removed through tubular secretion?
although urea is less toxic than ammonia, it is still very toxic; if it is not removed, confusion, sleepiness, lethargy, & nausea can occur
76
How is urea removed in a “last ditch effort”?
urea crystallizes out of the body through the skin & appears as a layer of salt on the surface of the skin
77
What specific drugs are removed through tubular secretion?
morphine & penicillin as well as drugs similar to those
78
What organs are responsible for removing various drugs?
liver & kidneys
79
What is the ureter?
12 inch long tube that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
80
How does the ureter join with the urinary bladder?
since the kidneys are retroperitoneal & the bladder is in the abdominopelvic cavity, the ureters must turn anteriorly & pierce through the body wall; joins at the bladder’s inferior portion
81
What are the layers of the wall of the ureters & urinary bladder?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, & serosa (from deep to superficial)
82
What is the mucosa layer of the ureter?
deepest layer; the mucous epithelium protects the ureter from urine
83
What is the submucosa layer of the ureter & urinary bladder?
a layer of connective tissue
84
What is the muscularis layer of the ureter?
smooth muscle that undergoes peristalsis to move urine to the bladder
85
What is the serosa layer of the ureter & urinary bladder?
superficial covering that anchors them in place as well as secure blood vessels & nerves
86
What is the urinary bladder?
hollow sack that expands as urine volume increases; joins inferiorly with urethra
87
How much can the bladder hold?
it varies, but approximately 1 liter
88
What is the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder?
deepest layer; made of transitional epithelium which can stretch as the bladder fills with urine
89
What is the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder?
3 layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle; it is for peristalsis & forms ridges called rugae; allows the bladder to expand as it fills & contract for urination
90
What is the urethra?
a tube that extends from the inferior part of the bladder to the outside of the body
91
What is different about the urethra in men?
it is longer and has both urinary & reproductive functions
92
What are the 2 sphincter muscles that bound the urethra?
internal & external urinary sphincter muscles
93
What is the internal urinary sphincter muscle?
at the base of the bladder; controlled by ANS
94
What is the external urinary sphincter muscle?
at the inferior body wall; controlled by somatic nervous system after the age of 2

A&P II Lecture (9 decks)

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