exam 1 respiratory Flashcards
What is the respiratory system made of?
conducting zone structures & respiratory zone structures
What are conducting zone structures?
includes the nose, pharynx, trachea, left & right primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, & terminal bronchioles; they warm, moisten, & filter incoming air & carry it into the lungs
What are respiratory zone structures?
includes the lungs & respiratory bronchioles; the site of gas exchange (moves oxygen from air into blood & at the same time, moves carbon dioxide from blood into “air”)
What are conducting zones covered by?
2 tissue types: stratified epithelium & respiratory epithelium
What is stratified epithelium?
many layers of cells packed closely together; tough/good for protection
What is respiratory epithelium?
very delicate; one layer of pseudostratified epithelium that is made of column-shaped cells with cilia that project from their apical surface
What are goblet cells?
can be found scattered throughout respiratory epithelium; produces mucous
What is the anterior boundary of the nose?
the nose holes which are called anterior nares
What is the posterior boundary of the nose?
2 holes known as posterior nares that connect to the pharynx
What is the superior boundary of the nose?
cribriform plate of ethmoid; tiny holes called olfactory foramina which allow nerve endings of CNI to extend into the nasal cavity
What is the inferior boundary of the nose?
palatine processes & palatine bones
What is the lateral boundary of the nose?
contains 3 spongy bone shelves called nasal conchae that are covered in respiratory epithelium
What are characteristics of nasal conchae?
they are paired (3 on left, 3 on right); air swirls between them in grooves called nasal meatuses
What is the nasal septum?
divides the nose into left & right; made of hyaline cartilage which is supported by the vomer bone & the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What is the nasal fossa?
the left & right sides of the nasal cavity; small holes drain sinus cavities into the nasal fossa
What is the nasal vestibule?
the area posterior to the external anterior nares; it is lined with stratified epithelium for protection & contains nose hairs
What are vibrissae?
nose hairs; they trap large particles so they don’t enter the rest of the respiratory system
What is the pharynx?
throat; muscular tube that begins at the posterior nares & ends at the split of the trachea & esophagus; divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
What is the nasopharynx?
posterior to the nose; funnel-shaped; lined in respiratory epithelium; has opening of auditory tube that connects to middle ear
What is the pharyngeal tonsil?
embedded in posterior wall of nasopharynx; lump of lymphatic tissue that filters debris & pathogens from air
What is the oropharynx?
posterior to the mouth cavity; has respiratory & digestive function; lined with stratified epithelium that has mucous & no keratin
What is the uvula?
where the oropharynx begins; cone-shaped projection from the roof of the mouth which is an area called the soft palate; it raises as we swallow to seal off the nasopharynx
What are palatine tonsils?
a pair contained in the oropharynx; they catch pathogens & debris to remove them/filter them out
Where does the oropharynx end?
the level of the hyoid bone