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a&p ii lecture > exam 1 respiratory > Flashcards

exam 1 respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system made of?

A

conducting zone structures & respiratory zone structures

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2
Q

What are conducting zone structures?

A

includes the nose, pharynx, trachea, left & right primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, & terminal bronchioles; they warm, moisten, & filter incoming air & carry it into the lungs

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3
Q

What are respiratory zone structures?

A

includes the lungs & respiratory bronchioles; the site of gas exchange (moves oxygen from air into blood & at the same time, moves carbon dioxide from blood into “air”)

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4
Q

What are conducting zones covered by?

A

2 tissue types: stratified epithelium & respiratory epithelium

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5
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

many layers of cells packed closely together; tough/good for protection

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6
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

very delicate; one layer of pseudostratified epithelium that is made of column-shaped cells with cilia that project from their apical surface

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7
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

can be found scattered throughout respiratory epithelium; produces mucous

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8
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the nose?

A

the nose holes which are called anterior nares

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9
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the nose?

A

2 holes known as posterior nares that connect to the pharynx

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10
Q

What is the superior boundary of the nose?

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid; tiny holes called olfactory foramina which allow nerve endings of CNI to extend into the nasal cavity

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11
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the nose?

A

palatine processes & palatine bones

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12
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the nose?

A

contains 3 spongy bone shelves called nasal conchae that are covered in respiratory epithelium

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13
Q

What are characteristics of nasal conchae?

A

they are paired (3 on left, 3 on right); air swirls between them in grooves called nasal meatuses

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14
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

divides the nose into left & right; made of hyaline cartilage which is supported by the vomer bone & the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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15
Q

What is the nasal fossa?

A

the left & right sides of the nasal cavity; small holes drain sinus cavities into the nasal fossa

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16
Q

What is the nasal vestibule?

A

the area posterior to the external anterior nares; it is lined with stratified epithelium for protection & contains nose hairs

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17
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

nose hairs; they trap large particles so they don’t enter the rest of the respiratory system

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18
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

throat; muscular tube that begins at the posterior nares & ends at the split of the trachea & esophagus; divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx

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19
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

posterior to the nose; funnel-shaped; lined in respiratory epithelium; has opening of auditory tube that connects to middle ear

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20
Q

What is the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

embedded in posterior wall of nasopharynx; lump of lymphatic tissue that filters debris & pathogens from air

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21
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

posterior to the mouth cavity; has respiratory & digestive function; lined with stratified epithelium that has mucous & no keratin

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22
Q

What is the uvula?

A

where the oropharynx begins; cone-shaped projection from the roof of the mouth which is an area called the soft palate; it raises as we swallow to seal off the nasopharynx

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23
Q

What are palatine tonsils?

A

a pair contained in the oropharynx; they catch pathogens & debris to remove them/filter them out

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24
Q

Where does the oropharynx end?

A

the level of the hyoid bone

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25
Q

What is the laryngopharynx?

A

most inferior part of the throat; holds the larynx (voice box)

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26
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

produce sound, keep airway patent, & route food/liquid properly

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27
Q

What is the larynx made of?

A

9 pieces of hyaline cartilage joined by elastic connective tissue (ligaments)

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28
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

largest; provides anterior attachment of vocal cords; has testosterone receptors which are responsible for voice change at puberty

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29
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A

anterior-most point of the thyroid cartilage

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30
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

ring-shaped; inferior to thyroid cartilage; functions in maintaining a patent airway

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31
Q

What is the thyrohyoid ligament?

A

connects the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the hyoid bone

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32
Q

What is the cricothyroid ligament?

A

connects the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx

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33
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

embedded in a mucous membrane fold; elevates as we swallow to seal the airway & prevent us from choking

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34
Q

What are the arytenoids?

A

a pair of small triangular cartilages on posterior side of larynx; provide posterior attachment of vocal cords

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35
Q

What are the corniculates & cuneiforms?

A

very small pairs of cartilage that move, changing the tension on the vocal cords to create different sounds

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36
Q

What is the trachea?

A

windpipe; 4.5 inch long flexible airway made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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37
Q

What is the trachealis?

A

a smooth muscle that encloses the posterior side of the trachea; the esophagus is located posterior to this muscle

38
Q

What is the carina?

A

a triangular ring where the trachea splits into left & right primary bronchi; contains many touch receptors that cause violent coughing when stimulated

39
Q

What is the cilia escalator?

A

the trachea is lined with respiratory epithelium & this term represents the cilia movement from bottom-up

40
Q

What is the difference between the left & right primary bronchi?

A

the right is steeper than the left which can cause particles to be aspirated (sucked into lungs) resulting in pneumonia

41
Q

What is the cricotracheal ligament?

A

connects the cricoid cartilage of the larynx to the trachea

42
Q

What do the left & right primary bronchi divide into?

A

secondary bronchi; there are 2 on the left & 3 on the right (1 designated for each lobe of both lungs)

43
Q

What do the secondary bronchi divide into?

A

tertiary bronchi

44
Q

What do the tertiary bronchi divide into?

A

terminal bronchioles; these end the conducting zone structures

45
Q

What changes as each branch of bronchi occurs?

A

we find less organized structure & more smooth muscle which is controlled by the ANS

46
Q

What happens to the bronchial tubes during sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation?

A

sympathetic stimulation relaxes/dilates these tubes & parasympathetic stimulation returns them to their normal diameter

47
Q

What are the lungs?

A

made of 1000s of balloon-like structures called alveoli; each lung is surrounded by a folded sheet of serous membrane called pleura

48
Q

What are the respiratory bronchioles?

A

tiny tubes that branch from the terminal bronchioles of the conducting zone; each one connects to an alveolus

49
Q

What 3 cell types make up the alveolar membrane?

A

type I, type II, & wandering macrophages

50
Q

What are type I cells?

A

most abundant; made of simple squamous epithelium (1 layer of thin, flat cells)

51
Q

What is the function of type I cells?

A

diffusion of gases (O2 & CO2) across the alveolar membrane & into/out of surrounding blood vessels called alveolar capillaries

52
Q

What are type II cells?

A

they secrete surfactant which reduces surface tension along the inner part of the alveolar membrane so that the air space can easily be filled

53
Q

What are wandering macrophages?

A

cells that develop from white blood cells & move around the interior of the alveolus, engulfing & destroying potentially harmful particles

54
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

O2 rich & bright red in color

55
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

O2 poor, CO2 rich & dark red/maroon in color

56
Q

What are the pleural surfaces?

A

parietal pleura & visceral pleura

57
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

lines the thoracic cavity

58
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

adheres to the lungs/alveoli

59
Q

What is between the parietal & visceral pleura?

A

hydrogen bonds connecting the 2 & clear, watery serous fluid for lubrication

60
Q

What occurs when we breathe in?

A

the ribs & diaphragm move, causing the thoracic cavity to get larger; the hydrogen bonds between the pleura are then pulled, increasing the size of the lungs & allowing air to rush in

61
Q

What happens when the hydrogen bonds between parietal & visceral pleura are broken?

A

the lung will collapse: pneumothorax

62
Q

What are the 2 phases of respiratory physiology?

A

external & internal respiration

63
Q

What is external respiration?

A

all events that move O2 in the air that we breathe into “target” tissues; includes pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, & gas transport

64
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

all chemical reactions that use O2 & generate CO2; these occur inside cells/tissues

65
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

act of breathing; part of external respiration; involves inspiration & expiration

66
Q

What is inspiration?

A

to breathe in; increases size of thoracic cavity by contracting intercostal muscles & flattening the diaphragm causing air to rush in

67
Q

What is expiration?

A

to breathe out; decreases size of thoracic cavity by contracting intercostal muscles & relaxing the diaphragm causing air to exit

68
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation require?

A

a patent airway, adequate neural control of respiratory muscles, & compliant alveoli

69
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

provides most of the neural control of respiratory muscles; made of ventral roots from C3, C4, & C5 vertebrae

70
Q

What does it mean for alveoli to be “compliant”?

A

they must be stretchy, flexible, & thin; alveoli lose flexibility in lung disease such as black lung, covid-19, etc.

71
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

part of external respiration; moves O2 from the alveolar air space into alveolar capillaries & at the same time, moves CO2 from alveolar capillaries into the alveolar air space

72
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

through diffusion (with the concentration gradient)

73
Q

What happens to PO2 as we increase in elevation?

A

environmental PO2 decreases; this makes moving O2 into the blood more difficult & diffusion does not occur as easily; can result in altitude sickness

74
Q

What is the PO2 of our blood at rest?

A

40 mmHg; as long as environmental PO2 is greater than our blood PO2, diffusion moves O2 into our alveolar capillaries & we have oxygenated blood

75
Q

What happens to PO2 as we exercise?

A

PO2 in blood decreases which makes diffusion of O2 into the blood happen more easily/readily

76
Q

What affects the transfer of O2 from the alveolar air space into the alveolar capillaries?

A

concentration of O2 in air vs blood, the alveolar membrane’s thickness, & lots of surface area to ensure blood is adequately oxygenated

77
Q

What is gas transport?

A

part of external respiration; involves moving O2 from alveolar capillaries to our body tissues/cells; at the same time, CO2 moves from body tissues/cells to alveolar capillaries

78
Q

How does gas transport occur for oxygen?

A

O2 combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells; the iron part of hemoglobin chelates to O2 & releases it at body tissues/cells

79
Q

What happens after O2 is released at body tissues/cells?

A

it diffuses inside; this is controlled by the concentration of O2 inside tissues/cells vs the concentration of O2 inside the blood

80
Q

Which tissues/cells receive the most oxygen?

A

active tissues/cells because they are using more oxygen to produce ATP

81
Q

What affects the delivery of O2 to tissues/cells?

A

concentration gradient of O2, pH of blood & tissues/cells, temperature of tissues/cells, & presence of fetal hemoglobin

82
Q

How does pH affect the delivery of O2 to tissues/cells?

A

as tissues/cells are active, they produce lots of CO2 which decreases the pH; this low pH acts to stimulate respiratory centers in the brain & draw O2 into the tissues/cells

83
Q

Is O2 delivery increased when tissues are warm or cold?

A

warm

84
Q

What type of hemoglobin has the greatest attraction for O2?

A

fetal hemoglobin

85
Q

How is CO easily carried from the alveolar capillaries to the body tissues/cells?

A

CO has a greater attraction for hemoglobin than O2 does

86
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 travels from body tissues/cells?

A

dissolves into blood’s liquid part (plasma), combines to hemoglobin making deoxygenated blood, & most of it forms carbonic acid in the blood which lowers the pH

87
Q

When does respiratory acidosis occur?

A

if the brain’s respiratory centers don’t respond to a decrease in pH; too much CO2

88
Q

What is carbonate?

A

a blood buffer; CO2 is also converted into this; it combines with hydrogen ions causing an increase in blood pH

89
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

90
Q

When does respiratory alkalosis occur?

A

when blood pH is too high & there is not enough CO2 in blood; this is a result of hyperventilation making us breathe out more CO2 than we produce

91
Q

What are characteristics of internal respiration?

A

it is essentially metabolism; these biochemical reactions can occur in cytoplasm or organelles

a&p ii lecture (9 decks)

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